Recidivism of female systematic offenders Dr Eric Blaauw

Recidivism of female systematic offenders: Dr. Eric Blaauw VNN and Hanze University of Applied Sciences The Netherlands e. blaauw@vnn. nl

Psychopathology and crime • After clinical admittance, 3 -11 times higher risk of later convictions (Hodgins, 1995) • With addiction 3 -4 times higher chance of crime (review Bennett, Holloway & Farrington, 2008) – – – Crack: 6 x Heroin: 3 x Cocaine: 2. 5 x Amphetamines: 1. 9 x Cannabis: 1. 5 x Alcohol and benzodiazepines lead to higher (but unknown/variable) risk of crimes

Psychopathology and the justice system • In prisons 60% have problematic use of substances (30% alcohol, 38% drugs) and 54 -60% had a mental disorder in the past year • In Dutch TBS institutions (high security hospitals for court order patients) 100% had mental disorder and 65% had addiction (year prevalence) • Of those who were (partially) not guilty by reasons of insanity, 46% were intoxicated and in 21% the intoxication caused escalation • High prevalence of psychopathology among women in prison (Fazel & Danesh, 2002) See Blaauw & Roozen(2012)

Specific measure in the Netherlands • Measure to place individuals in Institution for Systematic Offenders (Dutch ISD) • Since October 2004 • Goals: – Crime reduction through incapacitation – Recidivism reduction through treatment and resocialisation • Method: Two years measure with intramural and outpatient phases with individual plans

For whom is the measure intended? • Systematic offenders: – More than 10 charges in past five years – In past five years three or more imprisonments or mandatory treatment sentences – Current criminal offence • Safety of others requires a measure • Excluding Not Guilty by Reasons of Insanity (NGRI)

Method • In the central ISD institution for women • All women from start in 2004 until end 2012 • Reports of NGRI examinations by psychiatrists/ psychologists, criminal record, parole reports and own reports • Selection of 81 fairly complete reports 2008 -2012 minus 7 who had deceased • Gathering of criminal records July 2015

Characteristics of the sample • • • Age 41 years (SD = 7) 82% history of mental health care 41% history of prostitution 61% no fixed abode Victim of sexual abuse 43% Victim of severe/repeated physical abuse 74%

Psychopathology in the sample • All but one addicted with 88% addicted to multiple substances • 53% one (42%) or more Axis I disorder other than substance disorder • 75% one (57%) or more personality disorders • 59% borderline intellectual functioning at most (N = 44) Blaauw, E. , Strijker, G. , Boerema, Y. , Veersma, E. , van der Meer-Jansma, M. , & Anthonio, G. (2016). Dual diagnoses among detained female systematic offenders. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 9(1), 7– 13.

Recidivism after two years • After prison 56% • In sample of male highly active repeated offenders 72 -74% (Tollenaar & Laan, 2012; Tollenaar, Laan & Beijersbergen, 2014) • In present sample 58%

Recidivism in the sample • 11% recidivism with very serious offence (> 8 years imprisonment) • No difference in severity of offences after ISD • Decrease in annual – Number of crimes 3. 2 . 95, p<0. 001 – Days in police custody 68. 6 26. 8, p<0. 001 – Days in prison 85. 3 23. 5, p<0. 001

Recidivism in the sample • No relationship with demographic characteristics, but weak negative relationship with antisocial PD • No relationship with prior prostitution, physical abuse and sexual abuse X²(3) = 1. 6, p = 0. 66 • No relationship with prior SUD, psychiatric disorder and personality disorder X²(2) = 3. 4, p = 0. 18

Conclusions • Recidivism after ISD still high • Recidivism after ISD lower than male ISD recidivism • No relationship with prior pathology Every female systematic offender has a reasonable change to abstain from recidivism

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION e. blaauw@VNN. nl

References • • Bennett, T. , Holloway, K. , & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 107– 118. Blaauw, E. , & Roozen, H. (2012) (Red. ), Handboek Forensische Verslavingszorg. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Bohn, Stafleu en van Loghem. Blaauw, E. , Strijker, G. , Boerema, Y. , Veersma, E. , van der Meer-Jansma, M. , & Anthonio, G. (2016). Dual diagnoses among detained female systematic offenders. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 9(1), 7– 13. Fazel, S. & Danesh, J. (2002) Serious mental disorder in 23 000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359, 545– 550. Hodgins, S. (1995) Major mental disorder and crime: An overview. Psychology, Crime & Law, 2(1), 5 -17. Popma, A. , Blaauw, E. , & Bijlsma, E. (2012). Psychiatrische comorbiditeit van verslaving in relatie tot criminaliteit. In Blaauw, E. , & Roozen, H. (Red. ), Handboek Forensische Verslavingszorg (pp. 21 -40). Utrecht, the Netherlands : Bohn, Stafleu en van Loghem. Tollenaar, N. , & Laan, A. M. van der (2012). Effecten van de ISD-maatregel: Technische rapportage. Den Haag, the Netherlands : WODC. Tollenaar, N. , Laan, A. M. van der. , & Beijersbergen, K. A. (2014). Korte- en langetermijneffecten van de ISD-maatregel. Den Haag, the Netherlands : WODC.