Recent History This is a lot of history

Recent History This is a lot of history to cover, but Mrs. Sunda will try her best to get through it and educate you all about why the world is the way it is today!

This is how it is going to work! • Every time you see a on the slide, you must write down at least one fact from that slide! Pretty easy!

The Bush Doctrine • September 11, 2001 • Bush: the U. S. would go after any nation that supported terrorists • Preemption- get terrorist first • Unilateral action- didn’t need support • Extending the “rewards of liberty” Preemption/ Unilateral Action

Afghan History • Afghanistan's location along the Silk/Spice Road has allowed the country to serve as an important link between east and west throughout history • Great Britain & Russia fought over Afghanistan as far back as the 18 th & 19 th centuries • Soviet Union invaded in 1979 and installed a Communist government • From 1979 -1989, Afghanistan became a battleground of the Cold War between the USUSSR (with the U. S. supporting Afghans who resisted the Soviets)

Afghan History • Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, but civil war erupted among factions of guerilla fighters • Civil war continued until 1996, when hard-line group known as the Taliban seized power • Taliban seized power and imposed a strict interpretation of Islam

The link between September 11 th and Afghanistan • Afghans did NOT carry out the terrorist attacks on the U. S. • Al-Qaeda, a terrorist network operating within Afghanistan and other places, did • Many Afghans expressed their sympathy with the people of the U. S. after Sept. 11 th • After September 11 th, the U. S. invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama bin Laden • On May 1 st, 2011 - bin Laden was killed by U. S. Forces in Pakistan • U. S. and NATO forces remain in Afghanistan today.

US Involvement In Afghanistan $2 Trillion 17 years… – The plan was for complete troop withdraw, but a U. S. presence will stay in Afghanistan indefinitely. – April 2017 - President Trump authorized the first operational usage of the MOAB against ISIS in Eastern Afghanistan. 2, 335 U. S. Deaths 2, 419 Soldiers U. S. Soldiers Deaths 19, 964 Wounded Over 69, 000 Allied Deaths Over 30, 000 Civilian Deaths

Why Iraq? The Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic was created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003.

Persian Gulf War – Operation Desert Storm • August 1990 -February 1991 • 34 coalition forces led by U. S. against Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait. Leadership is a potent combination of strategy and character. But if you • Air & ground attacks must be without one, be without the strategy. • Results: Able to push ~ “Stormin’ Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam back into Iraq and out of Kuwait! • Coalition forces lose around 300 people • 25, 000 -50, 000 Iraq soldiers killed • No need for an invasion of Iraq

• *2001 -2003 - Following the 9/11 attacks, U. S. suspicion of Iraq increases. • *2002 - Bush administration agrees that Iraq has weapons of mass destruction, despite United Nations inspections which found no sign of weapons of mass destruction. • *2002 -2003 -World powers push for further investigation. • *March 20, 2003 - American and British troops invade Iraq. • *December 2003 - Saddam Hussein is captured and no weapons of mass destruction are discovered. • *2004 - 9/11 Commission concluded that there was no “collaborative relationship” between Iraq and al-Qaeda (terrorist group responsible for 9/11 attacks). • *2004 -2011 - The U. S. forces train the Iraqi Army • *January 30, 2005 -Iraq holds its first free elections in 50 years • *April 7, 2005 - Jalal Talabani becomes President of Iraq. • *February 2009 - President Obama announced that all remaining U. S. troops and trainers will leave Iraq by the end of the 2011. • *December 31, 2011 - All U. S. troops withdraw from Iraq. • *June 2014 - Present- US troops invited by Iraqi government to help against ISIS • *December 2017 - Iraq’s Prime Minister announced victory over ISIS P R E E M P T I O N

GENOCIDE

Rwandan Genocide • The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass murder of an estimated 800, 000 people in the small nation of Rwanda. Over the course of approximately 100 days around 20% of the country's total population was murdered. It was the result of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959– 1962 and overthrown the Tutsi monarchy. • In 2003 a new Constitution was developed. • Strong agrarian economy • Growing tourism

Bangladesh • When Pakistan became independent, it consisted of two regions: West and East Pakistan. • Islam was the only thread that connected East and West Pakistan. • East Pakistan had a less developed economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent. • Bangladesh War for Liberation • Members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias killed between 300, 000 - 500, 000. • Raped between 200, 000 -400, 000 women. • As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

The Arab Spring

Middle East- Arab Spring In 2011 people in the Middle East rebelled against repressive governments!

SYRIA Bashar al- Assad • Current “President” of Syria, Chemical Weapons • His father ruled Syria for 29 years until his death in 2000. Al-Assad was elected in 2000 and 2007, unopposed each time. • Protests started in January 2011. Protesters called for political reforms and the re-instatement of civil rights. • Proof that Assad regime has used chemical weapons on Syrian people – Sarin, Mustard Gas, Chlorine Bombs • The UN estimates around 470, 000 people have been killed in Syria since 2011. • April 2017, the U. S. Navy carried out a missile attack against a Syrian air base which had been used to conduct a chemical weapons attack on Syrian civilians. Syria Most Violent Country In The World. • April 7, 2018, Chemical Attack in city of Douma, killed at least 70 people. -Global Peace Index • April 14, 2018, US, France, UK carried out a series of military strikes against multiple government sites in Syria

ﺣﺴﻦ ﺭﻭﺣﺎﻧی Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani • • ﺳیﺪ ﻋﻠی ﺣﺴیﻨی ﺧﺎﻣﻨﻪﺍی Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Rouhani’s domestic policy – Program for healthcare – Improved women's rights by appointing female foreign ministry spokespeople – Wants to improved Iran's diplomatic relations with other countries Iran has been bulking up it’s nuclear power program. Many fear that Iran has the capability to make nuclear weapons. – 2015 Iranian Nuclear Deal • Iran does not have the capability to create nuclear weapons • Iran obeyed our deal and trade sanctions were lifted in 2016 after 21 years • Trump administration withdrew from deal in 2018. Iran supports the creation of a Palestinian State. • Hostility between Iran & Israel • Iran does not support ISIS

ISIS/ISIL • Islamic State of Iraq & Syria /Islamic State of Iraq & the Levant • Goal: Purity of the Islamic State – June 2014 ISIS claimed to be a worldwide caliphate, with Abu Bakr al. Baghdadi being named its caliph. – As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide Extremist Sunni Muslims • How to achieve this: PEOPLE At Peak Annual Budget Was $870 Million – With the fall of authoritarian rulers in M. E. , years of corruption and oppression have taken hold and allowed a springboard for ISIS – Encourage people to join their fight – Kill people who get in the way • Many Islamic and non-Islamic communities judge the group unrepresentative of Islam. • US is both physically fighting and funding groups against ISIS

ISIS Control Waning DESTROYED • March 2015 ISIL reportedly started the demolition of Nimrud. The city was bulldozed, while an Assyrian palace dated to the 800’s BCE was smashed.

Venezuela • Under Hugo Chávez’s presidency (2002 -2013) introduced socialist policies. • In recent years growing political discontent, skyrocketing hyperinflation, power cuts and shortages of food and medicine. • More than three million Venezuelans have left the country in recent years. • May 2018 – – – Nicolás Maduro was “re-elected” to a second six-year term Many opposition candidates had been barred from running, jailed or fled the country out of fear. Maduro's re-election was not recognized by Venezuela's opposition-controlled National Assembly. • January 2019 – – – Maduro’s swearing-in ceremony in January. The National Assembly argues that because the election was not fair, Maduro is a "usurper" and the presidency is vacant. This is a line that is being pushed in particular by the new president of the National Assembly, 35 -year-old Juan Guaidó. • Who is Juan Guaidó? – – Citing articles 233 and 333 of Venezuela's constitution, the legislature says that in such cases, the head of the National Assembly takes over as acting president. Guaidó declared himself acting president. • He has been organizing mass protests and calling on the military to switch allegiance. • World Reactions – – More than 50 countries have recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, among them the US and many nations in Latin America. Russia and China among others have stood by President Maduro.

Vladimir Putin Does this mean 25 years in power? President of Russia Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)- Ranked 131/168 Democracy Index - Ranked 135/167 Classified as “Authoritarian Government” • • • Former KGB Lieutenant Colonel during USSR 1999 - Putin became acting President when Boris Yeltsin stepped down. President 2000 -2008 – Russia’s economy grew every year • 2008 - Dmitry Medvedev becomes President – He chooses Putin to be Prime Minister • A lot of debate as to who actually ruled • 2012 - Presidential Terms Redefined • – President elected to a six year term Crimean Peninsula – Protests in late 2013 forced the president to resign – Majority of Crimean people “voted” to become a part of Russia • 2018 Presidential Election – Putin “won” 76% of the vote and will be president till 2024

Rise of Conservatism & Nationalism • Theresa May (British Prime Minister) – Brexit- United Kingdom's planned withdrawal from the European Union • Started the withdrawal process in March 2017. • Officially out by October 2019. • Donald Trump (Billionaire the voice of the “Everyman”? ) – 1 st US president with no political and/or military background – Promises to build a wall on the Mexican border and to deport illegal immigrants – Possible thawing of relations with N. Korea – Trade war with China “America First” & “Make America Great Again”

That concludes the content for Mrs. Sunda’s Advanced Placement World History course! Onward to review!!!

Cuba & Mexico • Cuba- still a communist dictatorship – Brother Raúl in power since February 2008 – Fidel Castro passed away November 2016 – A developing country • The Cuban Thaw – Lift of some U. S. travel restrictions – Establishment of a U. S. embassy in Havana – The United States maintains financial embargo, which makes it illegal for U. S. corporations to do business with Cuba. • Mexico – President Enrique Peña Nieto – One of the largest economies in the world – Considered an emerging power – Mexican Drug War (2006 - present) -ongoing armed conflict among rival drug cartels fighting one another for regional control and against the Mexican government forces and civilian vigilante groups. – January 2017 - Cancelled meeting with Trump

Bangladesh When Pakistan became independent, it consisted of two regions: West and East Pakistan. Islam was the only thread that connected East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan had a less developed economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent. After a devastating cyclone in 1970, grievances led to fighting, and India joined the conflict on the side of the East Pakistanis. As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

Cambodian Genocide • Led by communist leader Pol Pot Khmer Rouge soldiers from 1975 to 1979. • US had been fighting communism in Indochina – 1970 Nixon Orders Invasion of Cambodia during Vietnam War • Pol Pot background: Received a scholarship to study in France. Influence by communism there. Returned home and taught history, geography and French literature at a private school while simultaneously plotting a revolution. • 1. 5 million Cambodians out of a total population of 7 to 8 million died of starvation, execution, disease or overwork. • Attempted to socially engineer a classless peasant society – took particular aim at intellectuals, city residents, ethnic Vietnamese, civil servants and religious leaders. • On the defensive, Vietnamese army deposed the Khmer Rouge in 1979 and liberated work camps • Pol Pot died in 1998 without ever being brought to justice.

• Egypt Middle East- Arab Spring – President Mubarak was “president" from 1981 -2011. • Overthrown after 18 days of protest. • New constitution written in January 2014 – Former military leader Abdel Fattah el-Sisi elected President June 2014 – April 2019 - Egypt passed a constitutional amendment to allow Sisi to remain president till 2030! • Libya – Colonel Muammar Qaddafi • Was Libya’s Leader Since 1969! • US had ordered air strikes on Qaddafi in 1986 & 2011 • Captured & killed in his hometown on Oct. 20, 2011 • Arab Spring Turns To Winter – Libya in the midst of a civil war.

UN BACKED 2019

Modern Issues and Ideas

The Big Bang Theory • Occurred 13. 75 billion years ago • Universe was extremely dense and hot and expanding rapidly • Rapid expansion caused universe to cool, allowing energy to be converted into subatomic particles • Universe continues to expand today, taking galaxies with it

And Then There Was Food, LOTS OF IT!!! • Rapid growth of global population demanded an increase in agricultural production • Started in Mexico (Green Revolution) in the 1940’s and spread to other areas during the 50’s and 60’s • Based on three main features: – High yield crops (specifically bred domestic crops) – Fertilizers (specifically designed to increase yield) – Irrigation (increased the amount of farmable land) • Virtually eliminated famines in India and China, which has led to rapid overpopulation (Think Thomas Malthus) • Africa has not benefited from this due to political and infrastructural problems

Goodbye Diseases • Polio Vaccine developed in the 50’s and 60’s virtually eliminated the disease from most countries • Vaccines for other diseases (flu, MMR, etc) have greatly increased our ability to survive, but also resulted in more resistant forms

What about the Polar Bears? • Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions – Trap heat in the atmosphere – Cause respiratory problems – Can contaminate groundwater and food – Global warming/climate change

A Tale of Two Terrible Stories • Diseases associated with poverty – Malaria (3 rd world disease) • New diseases emerge – HIV/AIDS (prevalent in 3 rd world countries) • Why are these diseases focused on the 3 rd world? • Again, think about Malthus’s checks on population • 1 st world countries have their issues too – Living longer=high rates of heart disease, stroke, etc. – Easy access to food (especially junk/fast food) leads to higher rates of obesity and diabetes

Can’t We All Just Get Along? • The prevalence and willingness to go to war make people upset – Anti-war music and propaganda (flower power) – Sacrifice/personal harm to protest the war • Thich Quang Duc’s selfimmolation (setting yourself on fire) • Mohamed Bouazizi’s protest against the Tunisian government.

Help, I’ve Fallen and I Can’t Get Up • Humanitarian Organizations develop in response to crises – Red Cross • Helps military families, blood collection, food distribution, disaster aid, etc. – World Health Organization • Wing of the UN to assist with disease, nutrition, sex ed. , etc.

Let’s Work Together • Regional Trade Agreements • Diverse areas like Europe and SE Asia form economic alliances – ASEAN, European Union • Goal is to economically cooperate to break trade barriers and increase trade

Tree Hugging Hippies • Population growth + increasing demand= consequences for the environment/people • Movements emerge to promote environmental awareness/protection – Earth Day – Greenpeace – PETA

I’m Special, You’re Special! • Globalization of • They’re out to get us! economies + new • As different groups transportation methods come in contact with + multimedia= each other, reactions everyone’s connected occur • Interaction leads to new – Xenophobia- fear of cultural identities foreigners and that which is foreign – Where have we seen this before/currently?

Let’s Get Together and Feel Alright! He had this idea. . . He believed that you could cure racism and hate. . . literally cure it, by injecting music and love into people's lives. When he was scheduled to perform at a peace rally, a gunman came to his house and shot him down. Two days later he walked out on that stage and sang. When they asked him why - He said, "The people, who were trying to make this world worse. . . are not taking a day off. How can I? Light up the darkness. " • Technological advances in transportation and communication have made media from all over the world available – Reggae, native to Jamaica, is listened to all over the world – Bollywood, India’s entertainment district, can be viewed throughout the globe

Recent History & Modern Issues/Ideas This is a lot of history to cover in a class period, but Mrs. Sunda will try her best to get through it and educate you all about why the world is the way it is today!