Recent Discoveries in FEVE Fluoropolymer Resin Technology Performance

“Recent Discoveries in FEVE Fluoropolymer Resin Technology – Performance Beyond Weatherability” Bob Parker AGC Chemicals October 29, 2014

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Outline: Ø Explanation of FEVE polyol technology Ø Summary of FEVE resins and their properties Ø Exposure testing of FEVE resin formulations Ø Corrosion resistance testing Ø Chemical Resistance Testing Ø Moisture Permeability Testing Ø Summary 1

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Fluoroethylene Vinyl Ether (FEVE) Resins FLUORINATED SEGMENTS: Weatherability, chemical resistance VINYL ETHER SEGMENTS: Gloss, solubility, crosslinking 2

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Characteristics of FEVE Fluoropolymer Resins: • Ambient Cure – Allows field applications at ambient temperatures • OH Functionality - Crosslinkable with hardeners • Solvent Soluble – Conventional application techniques – Wide range of gloss • Fluoropolymer Segments – UV Resistance – Corrosion resistance – Chemical and solvent resistance 3

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Markets for FEVE resin-containing coatings: 1) Architectural Coatings for commercial buildings 2) Industrial Maintenance Coatings for water towers, bridges, and assorted metal and concrete structures 3) Aerospace coatings 4) Applications in Marine environments 4

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Commercial Types of “FEVE” Polyol Resins: 1) Solvent soluble resins – uses organic solvents for viscosity reduction; predominantly cured with isocyanates; available as resin solutions or as 100% solid resins 2) Water-based dispersion – carboxyl modification of FEVE resin to obtain stable dispersion in water 5

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Commercial Types of “FEVE” Polyol Resins: 3) Water-based emulsion – use vinyl ether macromonomers containing polyoxyethylene (EO) units to create stable emulsion 6

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology QUV-B Weatherometer Exposure Testing 110 Gloss Retention (%) 100 90 80 70 60 FEVE Coating 50 Polysiloxane Coating 40 Acrylic Urethane Coating 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Hours of QUV Exposure (UVB-313 Bulbs) 7 6000

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology QUV-A Weatherometer Exposure Testing Gloss Retention (%) 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 FEVE Coating Polysiloxane Coating Acrylic Urethane Coating 78/22 FEVE/polyester Blended Coating 40 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Hours of QUV Exposure (UVA-340 Bulbs) 8 2500

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Sunshine Weatherometer Exposure Testing (Carbon Arc) Gloss retention (%) 110 100 90 80 70 60 LF 200 coating 50 PVDF coating 40 Acrylic Urethane coating 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 SWOM Exposure (hours) 9 4000 4500

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology EMMAQUA Testing (Outside Test Fence – Arizona) 110 Gloss retention (%) 100 90 80 70 FEVE coating 60 50 PVDF coating 40 Acrylic Urethane coating 30 20 10 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Radiant Energy (Mj/m²) 10 2400 2800 3200

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology South Florida Test Fence Exposure 110 Gloss retention (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 FEVE Yellow Coating 40 FEVE Clearcoat 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Years of Exposure 11 8 9 10 11

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Corrosion Resistance Test of FEVE Coatings: LOCATION: Suruga Bay Marine Test Station (offshore) LENGTH OF TEST: 16 years COATINGS SYSTEMS ON TEST: 1) Zinc-rich primer / Epoxy Midcoat / Acrylic Urethane Topcoat 2) Zinc-rich primer / Epoxy Midcoat / Fluorourethane Topcoat THICKNESS OF COATING: PRIMER = 3 mils / MIDCOAT = 6 mils / TOPCOAT = 1 mil(25 microns) 12

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Measurement of Total Erosion of the Topcoat 13 ACRYLIC URETHANE TOPCOAT FLUOROURETHANE TOPCOAT INITIAL MEASUREMENT (microns) 25 25 FINAL MEASUREMENT (microns) 0 (after 13 years) 21

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology SEM Scan of cross section Of Coating System (after 16 year exposure) 14 EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis) BLUE: Chloride GREEN: Coating System RED: Metal

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology INITIAL AFTER 15 YEARS SEM Scan of Zinc-rich Primer 15

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology 2000 Hours of B 117 Salt Spray testing (Panels primed with 3 mils of 2 K Epoxy) 2 K Polyurethane on the left (1 Coat) 2 K Fluoro-urethane on the right (1 Coat) 16

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology 2000 Hours of B 117 Salt Spray testing (Panels primed with 3 mils of 2 K Epoxy) 2 K Polysiloxane on the left (1 Coat) 2 K Fluoro-urethane on the right (1 Coat) 17

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Chemical Resistance Testing The following testing is immersion testing. The coated test panels are fully immersed in the chemical/solvent and observed for any changes in their appearance 18

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology The test coating is a gloss white 2 -pack fluorourethane. CHEMICAL EXPOSURE (Acid or Base) FEVE Resin with medium crosslink density (Days to Failure*) FEVE Resin with high crosslink density (Days to failure*) 10% HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) >30 10%H 2 SO 4 (Sulphuric Acid) >30 5% CH 3 COOH (Acetic Acid)) 17 >30 1% H 2 SO 3 (Sulphur Dioxide) 3 3 10% Na. OH (Sodium Hydroxide) >30 12% Na. OCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) >30 *Failure is defined as one of these changes in the dry film: 1) The appearance of blisters 2) Gloss reduction 3) Total paint film degradation 19

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology The test coating is a gloss white 2 -pack fluorourethane. SOLVENT EXPOSURE FEVE Resin with medium crosslink density (Days to Failure*) FEVE Resin with high crosslink density (Days to failure*) Aqueous Formaldehyde >30 Benzene >30 Xylene 10 >30 Acetone 20 20 Isopropanol 20 20 *Failure is defined as one of these changes in the dry film: 1) The appearance of blisters 2) Gloss reduction 3) Total paint film degradation 20

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology 4 Hour Spot Test – 98% Sulphuric Acid Panel #1 – 3 -4 mils of Epoxy Primer Coating dissolved immediately 21 Panel #2 – 3 -4 mils of Epoxy primer 5 -6 mils of FEVE-based clear coating Coating remained intact

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Moisture Permeability Testing Ø Following ASTM Test Method E 96 or D 1653 Ø Measuring the amount of water vapor transmitted through the film of the cured coating Ø Unit of measurement is grams of water vapor per cm² per hour Ø There is a correlation between the amount of moisture permeability of the coating and the degree of corrosion of the substrate 22

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Resin Type Cured with Hardener Film Thickness (microns) Total Moisture Permeation** FEVE polyol* No 20 1. 09 x 10ˉ³ Acrylic Polyol No 20 4. 5 x 10ˉ³ FEVE Polyol* Yes 21 0. 45 x 10ˉ³ Acrylic polyol Yes 14 1. 55 x 10ˉ³ *medium crosslink density resin **grams of water vapor per cm² per hour 23

Recent Discoveries in FEVE Technology Summary FEVE resin technology is an alternative choice for exterior coatings, both pigmented coatings and clearcoats. They possess some interesting properties that expand the list of formulating tools which can be used in the pursuit of highperformance industrial maintenance coatings. FEVE resin technology can be easily incorporated into many standard solvent-based and water-based formulations. 24