RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SPECTROSCOPY OF PLANETARY AND

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RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SPECTROSCOPY OF PLANETARY AND EXOPLANETARY ATMOSPHERES : WHAT IS OUT

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SPECTROSCOPY OF PLANETARY AND EXOPLANETARY ATMOSPHERES : WHAT IS OUT THERE ? Hitran 2010 Pierre Drossart LESIA, Observatoire de Paris 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Spectra of Giant Planets Day side (Reflected sunlight) 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010

Spectra of Giant Planets Day side (Reflected sunlight) 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge Thermal emission

XO-1 b Tinetti et al, 2010 G. Kuiper, Ap. J, 1947 16 -18 June

XO-1 b Tinetti et al, 2010 G. Kuiper, Ap. J, 1947 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Line formation in Jupiter’s atmosphere (CH 4 4 band) Growth of line through vertical

Line formation in Jupiter’s atmosphere (CH 4 4 band) Growth of line through vertical atmospheric integration 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Radiative transfer in Planetary atmospheres Spectra of Jupiter: Line formation in thermal spectrum Simulations

Radiative transfer in Planetary atmospheres Spectra of Jupiter: Line formation in thermal spectrum Simulations at high/low resolution

NICMOS: transmission spectroscopy XO-1 b, terminator 16 -18 et. June Tinetti, al. , 2010

NICMOS: transmission spectroscopy XO-1 b, terminator 16 -18 et. June Tinetti, al. , 2010 Ap. J, 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Thermal structure retrieval o Machalek et al. , 2009 + Knutson et al. ,

Thermal structure retrieval o Machalek et al. , 2009 + Knutson et al. , 2007 1500 K 1000 K 16 -18 June 2010 Tinetti, et al. , Ap. J, 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Non-LTE emissions of CH 4 in giant planets Drossart et al, ESA-SP 427, 1999

Non-LTE emissions of CH 4 in giant planets Drossart et al, ESA-SP 427, 1999 ISO observation of CH 4 non-LTE emission on Jupiter 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

CH 4 non LTE emission in exoplanets ? Swain et al, Nature, 2010 HD

CH 4 non LTE emission in exoplanets ? Swain et al, Nature, 2010 HD 189733 b 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Cassini Saturn spectroscopic observations in the infrared CIRS has two combined interferometers, operating in

Cassini Saturn spectroscopic observations in the infrared CIRS has two combined interferometers, operating in the farinfrared (10 -600 cm 1) and mid-infrared (600 -1400 cm-1). VIMS is an imaging visible and near infrared spectrometer (0. 3 -5 micron) 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Saturn 80°S at 100 and 300 km C 4 H 2 et CH 3

Saturn 80°S at 100 and 300 km C 4 H 2 et CH 3 C 2 H CO 2 16 -18 June 2010 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge Flasar et al. , Sci. 2005 Radiance (W cm-2 sr-1 / cm-1) C 2 H 2

Saturn at 80°S 100 and 300 km CH 3 D 16 -18 June 2010

Saturn at 80°S 100 and 300 km CH 3 D 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge Flasar et al. , Sci. 2005 Radiance (W cm-2 sr-1 / cm-1) CH 4

First results from Herschel in the solar system First publications in Astronomy & Astrophysics

First results from Herschel in the solar system First publications in Astronomy & Astrophysics – May 2010 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Instruments et observations __ __ ___ _____ __ • Observatory mode access from proposals

Instruments et observations __ __ ___ _____ __ • Observatory mode access from proposals – “Key Programs” (– x 100 h, “legacy”), priority – normal programs (AO 20 may 2010) 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Lellouch et al. , A&A 2010 Neptune spectrum from PACS 16 -18 June 2010

Lellouch et al. , A&A 2010 Neptune spectrum from PACS 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Methane in the stratosphere of Neptune Lellouch et al. A & A 2010 Orton,

Methane in the stratosphere of Neptune Lellouch et al. A & A 2010 Orton, Encrenaz et al. 2007

Venus atmosphere • Venus Express observations A new start in Venus atmosphere observations after

Venus atmosphere • Venus Express observations A new start in Venus atmosphere observations after a long gap since Venera 15 and Vega russian missions Next mission Akatsuki (Jaxa) Launched on May 20 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Venus NIR day side spectrum Venus Express/VIRTIS spectra in the NIR (day side) Most

Venus NIR day side spectrum Venus Express/VIRTIS spectra in the NIR (day side) Most of the absorptions : CO 2 ! 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Depression in the polar region N. Ignatiev 16 -18 June 2010 Grey are VMC

Depression in the polar region N. Ignatiev 16 -18 June 2010 Grey are VMC images Hitran 2010 - Cambridge Ignatiev et al. , JGRE 2009

Telluric planets : Venus thermal emission in the dark side • Deep atmosphere of

Telluric planets : Venus thermal emission in the dark side • Deep atmosphere of Venus Thermal emission originating from the 0 -45 km altitude range in spectral windows • Accurate knowledge of CO 2 opacity is crucial VIRTIS-M spectrum Challenge for H 2 O spectroscopy CO 2 : CO 2 up to 90 bars, 450 KH 2 O H 2 O at the surface CO 2 1. 0 m Database : HITEMP, 1. 27 m 1. 18 m 1. 74 m CDSD-750 1. 10 m 16 -18 June 2010 • CO 2 H 2 O 2. 3 m Hitran 2010 - Cambridge – Weak allowed bands – Pressure-induced bands – Far wing line shape

Venus nightside windows 2. 3 m CO 2 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010

Venus nightside windows 2. 3 m CO 2 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge • CFHT/FTS observations (Res = 0. 15 cm-1) [Taylor et al. 1997] • Altitude range: 26 -45 km • Absorbers: CO 2, H 2 O, HDO, CO, OCS, SO 2, HF

Deep atmosphere of Venus by VIRTIS/Venus Express CO 16 -18 June 2010 H 2

Deep atmosphere of Venus by VIRTIS/Venus Express CO 16 -18 June 2010 H 2 O Hitran 2010 - Cambridge HDO OCS SO 2 Marq et al. , JGRE, 2008 CO 2

Venus day side observations at 4. 3 micron : CO 2 non – LTE

Venus day side observations at 4. 3 micron : CO 2 non – LTE emissions Gilli, Lopez-Valverde et al. , JGRE 2009 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Gravity waves observed in CO 2 non. LTE emission of Venus Day side up/night

Gravity waves observed in CO 2 non. LTE emission of Venus Day side up/night side down Center on South pole Polar vortex in red Garcia et al. , JGRE, 2009 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Hitran 2010 - Cambridge 25/20 Gérard et al. , Icarus, 2009 1. 27 micron

Hitran 2010 - Cambridge 25/20 Gérard et al. , Icarus, 2009 1. 27 micron emission of Venus Mean vertical brightness = 0. 5 MR O 2 intensity : night side emission of Venus at 1. 27 micron

16 -18 June 2010 PNAS, 2008 Piccioni et al. , Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

16 -18 June 2010 PNAS, 2008 Piccioni et al. , Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Mars exploration in the XXIth century The War of the Worlds : the Revenge

Mars exploration in the XXIth century The War of the Worlds : the Revenge Mars Odyssey (2002) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006) Mars Express (2003) Coming soon… Mars Science Laboratory (2011) Mars Exploration rovers (2003) 16 -18 June 2010 Mars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016) Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

The infrared spectrum of Martian atmosphere Solar reflected CO 2 Thermal H 2 O

The infrared spectrum of Martian atmosphere Solar reflected CO 2 Thermal H 2 O CO 2 Hydrated silicates Reflected sunlight -> mineralogy Thermal emission -> T(z), winds CO CO 2 ISO-SWS Lellouch et al. , 2000

The 1237 -1243 cm-1 spectrum of Mars (TEXES, IRTF) All lines identified down to

The 1237 -1243 cm-1 spectrum of Mars (TEXES, IRTF) All lines identified down to depths of 0. 3% S/N > 1000 in the continuum H 2 O 2, 10 -7 synthetic TEXES data

First IR detection of H 2 O 2 on Mars H 2 O 2

First IR detection of H 2 O 2 on Mars H 2 O 2 and CO 2 lines at 1241. 6 cm-1 H 2 O 2 Encrenaz et al. Icarus 2004 CO 2

Mars Trace Gas Orbiter NASA / ESA 2016 • Science objectives – Detection of

Mars Trace Gas Orbiter NASA / ESA 2016 • Science objectives – Detection of trace molecules CH 4, C 2 H 2, C 2 H 6, NO 2, N 2 O, H 2 S, SO 2, H 2 O, O 3, isotopologues • • Determine the type of activiy : geological, or biological from the molecular ratio • Characterize spatial and temporal variations Find the correlations between trace species to constrain the chemistry – Localize the sources • Trace the origin of gases • Determine uncertainty of a landing mission for EXOMARS 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Some trace gases to search for with TGO nadir and limb observations • The

Some trace gases to search for with TGO nadir and limb observations • The spectral domain has been optimized for several simultaneous gas detection • Sensitivity to methane • 1 ppb in 6 s 50 km 2 cartography • 50 ppt in solar occultation mode for detection

Conclusions about (exo)planetary atmospheres spectroscopy What is out there ? At first order :

Conclusions about (exo)planetary atmospheres spectroscopy What is out there ? At first order : CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 O , CO … but we still do not fully understand the spectroscopy of these molecules! • • • Isotopes, line shapes, CIA, line mixing, relaxation coefficients, etc. Trace constituents Telluric planets : H 2 O 2, OH, H 2 CO Giant planets : NH 3, PH 3, H 2 S 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge

Acknowledgements to • • • Bruno Bézard Régis Courtin Emmanuel Lellouch Dominique Bockelee Giovanna

Acknowledgements to • • • Bruno Bézard Régis Courtin Emmanuel Lellouch Dominique Bockelee Giovanna Tinetti Athena Coustenis Thérèse Encrenaz Giuseppe Piccioni Miguel Lopez-Valverde Raphaël Garcia 16 -18 June 2010 Hitran 2010 - Cambridge