RECAP Talkie Time Research Facts Lesson 8 Objectives

RECAP Talkie Time: Research Facts

Lesson 8, Objectives : The learner 1. Identify the guidelines in literature citation and citing references (APA or MLA) - Addendum 2. Develop skills in proper parenthetical citation - addendum

Group Activity: Discuss in your group the answer to these questions? What is the importance of a Review of Literature? What will happen if you don’t cite sources that you borrow? How do you cite sources? 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of related literature or theoretical background consists of a collection of pertinent reading, published or unpublished, in local or foreign settings.

Two parts: 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND – non-research reference materials written by authorities on the subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and interpretations of the subject of the research study. These are published materials like books, journals, magazines, pamphlets. 5

2. Related Studies – are from unpublished materials like theses, research reports, seminar papers, and dissertations and have bearing on the research study being undertaken. 6

What is the purpose of the Review of Literature?

PURPOSES: 1. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or principles to support his investigation. 2. It can reveal investigations similar to your own, and it can show you how the collateral researchers handled these situations. 3. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research title, hypotheses or assumptions.

4. It can reveal to you sources of data that you may not have known existed. 5. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study. 6. It proves that the study is researchable and posses novelty. 7. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the study. 8. It serves as a guide to writing the findings, conclusions and recommendations. 9

Why Use Citation? • Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily • Provides consistent format within a discipline • Gives you credibility as a writer • Protects you from plagiarism

Avoiding Plagiarism • Academic honesty and integrity! –Proper citation of your sources can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

• You are academically dishonest if: • Someone writes your paper for you • You purchase a paper • You copy a paper from online • You fail to cite your sources • Your present someone else’s ideas as your own 12

Academic Paper Formats MLA (Modern Language Association) - used in literature, arts management, business and the humanities APA (American Psychological Association) - used in social sciences, such as psychology and education and natural sciences CMS (Chicago Manual Style) -The Chicago Manual of Style, also often called “Turabian Style”. Used in Social sciences and natural & physical sciences, but most commonly in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts.

Citation Locations Sources used to write a paper are acknowledged in two different places within the paper: 1. As in-text citations within the text of the paper 2. In the Works Cited page at the end of the paper.

Why Source Integration? § Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries – provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing – refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing – give examples of several points of view on a subject – call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with – highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original – distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own – expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Choosing Text to Integrate 1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. 2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. 3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. 4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

Summarizing § When you summarize, you put the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). – Summarized ideas must be attributed to the original source. – Summaries are significantly shorter than the original. – Summaries take a broad overview of source material.

Paraphrasing § Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. – Attribute paraphrases to their original sources. – Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the same length as, the original passage. – Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source and condense it slightly.

Quoting § Quotations must be identical to the original. – Quotations use a narrow segment of the source. – They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. – Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the discussion that they cannot be replaced. – Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.

Comparing In-Text Citations • In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to an author for using a quote (exact wording), paraphrasing (rewording), or discussing his/her ideas. Example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74) • All in-text citations for MLA, APA, CMS must reference the author’s name. • Reference to the page number or publication year depends on the situation and citation style. • • • When using APA, always give the year of publication. • CMS General Form: (Author Last Name Year of Publication, Page #) When quoting, always give the page number in MLA & APA. When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page number is needed for either style. 20

Example: “The study provided no significant findings regarding the relationship of Math and Science skills in research study. ” Source: Johnson, Thomas and Arlene Maiden. Studies in College. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill. 2003. Print. (p 34) Paraphrase MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was… APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the research showed that… CMS: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed that there was… Quote (In text) MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” (34). APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their “study…classes” (p. 34). CMS: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes” 34. Quote (no incorporation in text) MLA: “…in research classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34). APA: “…in research classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34). CMS: “…in research study” (Johnson & Maiden 2003, 34).

Parenthetical Citations Multiple Authors • 2 authors – cite both names separated by & Example: (Rubin & Roessler, 2002, p. 127) • 3 -5 authors – cite major author’s first time; after first time, use et al. Example: (Chan et al. , 20) • 6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al. Example: (Rosenthal et al. , 1992, p 23)

Comparing References • At the end of each research paper, a section must be devoted to listing the information for each resource that you used in the paper. This includes all resources that you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned. • If you have done your citing correctly, you should have mentioned each reference work at least once in your paper and each cited resource should have a reference citation. 23

Application Source: STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: Dep. Ed Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99) “The STEC strictly adhere to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the 21 st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “ Paraphrase MLA: APA: CMS Quote (incorporation in text) MLA: APA: CMS Quote (non incorporation in text) MLA: APA: CMS 24

Application Source: STEC SHS Code. Lapu-Lapu City: Dep. Ed Publishing. 2016. Print. (p 99) “The STEC strictly adheres to its commitment as explained in the STEC SHS Code: We are the STEC Senior High Students. Independent and self-reliant. We are committed to develop ourselves the 21 st century skills: critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. We are the future, We are the leaders of STEC Senior High School. “ Paraphrase MLA: As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres… APA: As stated by STEC (2016), statement on the STEC strictly adheres… CMS : As stated by STEC, the statement on the STEC adheres… Quote (incorporation in text) MLA: As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (99). APA: As explained by STEC (2016) in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” (p. 99). CMS : As explained by STEC in STEC SHS Code, “The STEC… School” 99. Quote (non incorporation in text) MLA: “The STEC…School” (STEC 99). APA: “The STEC…School” (STEC, 2016, p. 99). CMS: “The STEC…School” (STEC 2016, 99). 25

Cyberbullying: How Physical Intimidation Influences the Way People are Bullied Tyler Maxwell University of West Florida 26

Cyberbullying: How Physical Intimidation Influences the Way People are Bullied Discussion of Concepts based on the key words Prevelance of Cyberbullying. The Relationship Between Bully and Victim. The Types of People Who Bully. The Types of People Who are Victims. The Effects of Bullying 27

Review of Literature Prevelance of Cyberbullying is something that is has become a new social phenomenon in today’s society. It can often times leave students unable to escape their bullies and leave them feeling alone and helpless. Faucher, Jackson, and Cassidy(2014) performed a study on 1925 students across four Canadian universities that found 24. 1 percent of students had been the victims of cyberbullying over the last twelve months. These shocking numbers show that nearly one in every four people have been the victims of this phenomenon. 28

This statistic is interesting however because when compared to studies that were done amongst younger age students you see that the numbers are drastically different. Wegge, Vandebosch, and Eggermont(2014) found that among 1, 458 13 -14 year old students that considerably less students reported being cyberbullied. This is very similar to what Vanderbosch and Van Cleemput (2009) found among 2052 students in the 12 -18 ranges which concluded that 11. 1 percent of students had been victims of cyberbullying. This research concludes that cyberbullying appears to be more prevelant in students as they get older. Wegge et al. (2014) also noted that 30. 8 percent had been victims of traditional bullying. 29

The Types of People Who Bully. An important factor when analyzing cyberbullying is trying to understand the types of people who are the aggressors. The first thing that needs to be discussed when analyzing this is the simple matter of gender when it comes to who is generally the aggressor. Slonje and Smith (2008) found that when it comes to cyberbullying males are more often than not the aggressors with males being reported as the cyberbully far more often than females. Slonje et al (2008) also found that 36. 2 percent of students were unaware of the gender of their aggressors. This is intriguing because for one its is the same percentage as the number of males who bullied, but most importantly because it shows that over 1 in 3 students don’t actually know who is bullying them, which adds to the fear and stigma that is related to cyberbullying and not being able to escape the perpetrators. 30

The Types of People Who are Victims. Researchers have also conducted various studies on the types of people who are cyberbullied, or what is often referred to as “cybervictomology”. Abeele and Cock (2013) conducted a study, which concluded that the gender of victims varied greatly depending on the form of cyberbullying. Abeele et al. (2013) found that males are more likely to be on the receiving end of direct cyberbullying while females are more likely to be the victims of indirect cyberbullying such as online gossip among peers. These findings appear to remain true to social norms where males are viewed as more confrontational and females are often stereotyped as gossipers. 31

The Relationship Between Bully and Victim. The relationship between aggressor and victim is also something that has been heavily research among professionals. Beran and Li (2007) conducted a study that involved 432 middle school students and concluded that just under half of the studnets had been victims of cyberbullying as well as traditional bullying. This is true across multiple studies. Wegge et al. (2014) also concluded that people who were bullied in traditional manners had a much higher likelihood to become victims of cyberbullying. Another interesting relationship between bully and victim is that studies have also shown that people who are victims are likely to become aggressors in the online world. Beran et al. (2007) confirms this by stating, “students who are bullied through technology are likely to us technology to bully others”. 32

Effects of Cyberbullying. The first part of this literature review focused on the demographics of the bullies and their victims, but now we will focus on the lasting effects and the trauma it brings to the victims as well as the different forms of cyberbullying. While the platforms used are different the lasting effects that the bullying has on the victims are very similar. Faucher et al. (2014) concluded that one of the main effects that cyberbullies had on university students was that they were unable to accomplish some of their school assignments. 33

APPLICATION: Write the required citation. 1. “The study on correlation between IQ and EQ, the result is significant. ” Source: Acar, Bryant. Studies in College. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill. 2016. Print. (p 28) 2. “The conclusion of Herdwin study, states that, depression is potentially caused by emotional deprivation which starts at home. ” Source: Duterte, Rodrigo. Depression Starts at Home. Davao City: Matina Bookstore. 2016. Print. (p 82) Paraphrase Quote (Incorporated in text) Quote (Not in Text) MLA APA CMS 34

ANSWERS 1. “The study on correlation between IQ and EQ, the result is significant. ” Source: Acar, Bryant. Studies in College. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill. 2016. Print. (p 28) Paraphrase MLA: As stated by Acar, IQ and EQ are predominantly related… APA: As stated by Acar (2016), IQ and EQ are predominantly related… Quote (Incorporated in text) MLA: As Acar explained, “the study on correlation…significant” (28). APA: As Acar explained (2016), “the study on correlation…significant” (p. 28). Quote (Not in Text) MLA: “The study…significant” (Acar 28). APA: “The study…significant” (Acar, 2016, p. 28). 35

ANSWERS 2. “The conclusion of Herdwin study, states that, depression is potentially caused by emotional deprivation which starts at home. ” Source: Duterte, Rodrigo. Depression Starts at Home. Davao City: Matina Bookstore. 2016. Print. p. 82 Paraphrase MLA: As stated by Duterte as revealed in Herdwin study, depression is potentially… APA: As stated by Duterte (2016), as revealed in Herdwin study, depression is potentially… Quote (Incorporated in text) MLA: As Duterte explained, “the conclusion of Herdwin study…” (82). APA: As Duterte explained (2016), “the conclusion of Herdwin study…” (p. 82). Quote (Not in Text) MLA: “The conclusion… at home” (Duterte 82). APA: “The study…significant” (Duterte, 2016, p. 82). 36

Groupings: Minimum Required Citations & References 1. Theory (1) 2. Sub-Theory (1) 3. Related studies (International 3) 4. Local studies (5) 37

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