Rebuilding Japan After World War II Reasons for

Rebuilding Japan After World War II

Reasons for Rebuilding Japan

Reasons for US Rebuilding Japan • Stop the spread of communism throughout Asia • Promote democracy in the region by reforming Japan’s monarchy into a constitutional monarchy • Improve Japan’s economy in order to trade with Japan and sell US products to Japan’s market • Devastation of dropping atomic bombs on Japan

Mac. Arthur • General Douglas Mac. Arthur, the American commander of the occupied forces, was given the job of putting Japan back on its feet. • He was expected to create a Japan that would guarantee it would not pose a military threat to other countries in the future. • Mac. Arthur wanted Japan to have a democratic government, but he also appreciated the important place the Japanese emperor occupied in the Japanese culture.

The Occupation • 1945 - 1952 • Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) - General Douglas Mac. Arthur • Two main tasks: – demilitarization – democratization

Condition of Japan Immediately After Surrender

Think About This: • “After Hiroshima and Nagasaki nothing was ever the same again. . . the use of the atomic bomb in August 1945 changed the world more dramatically than any single event before. ” • Chronicle of the World (1989).

Quotation From an Expert We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds. " I suppose we all thought that, one way or another. -J. Robert Oppenheimer A response from Oppenheimer, mastermind behind the atomic bomb, after being interviewed about his creations.

Different Interpretations To frighten the Russians so that they wouldn’t confront the West. Eastern Europe To test the weapon on live human beings to see what effect it had. A military weapon to end the war quickly, save lives and keep the Russians out of the war. Why did the USA drop The Atomic Bombs on Japan? Revenge for Pearl Harbor and Japanese war crimes against Allied prisoners of war

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Forced Japan to surrender and the end of the war. August 6, 1945 _______ August 9, 1945 Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer headed the new U. S. laboratory built to design an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer recommended a remote site in New Mexico for the new facility, where project scientists, many of them world-famous, could work together in complete secrecy. The Los Alamos Laboratory was opened in April 1943.

The Bomb • August 6, 1945—Hiroshima – Enola Gay (bomber plane) drops Little Boy – 140, 000 died immediately – 100, 000+ seriously injured • August 9, 1945—Nagasaki – Fat Man – 74, 000 Immediate Deaths – 75, 000+ serious injuries

Map Showing the Damage Done to Hiroshima The centre of the explosion was hotter than the surface of the sun!

Within a few themushroom thousandscloud…the of people inthing the streets andme the “I could see seconds below the reminded gardens center scorched by a wave ofgive. searing more ofina the boiling potofofthe tartown than were any other description I can It heat. Manyand were killed underneath instantly, others writhing was black boiling with alay steam haze on on the top ground, of it…We screaming in agony fromwe theflew intolerable their burns. to. Everything had seen the city when in, and pain thereof was nothing see when standing the way of the walls, houses, factories, and we cameupright back. in It was covered byblast, this boiling, black-looking mass. ” other buildings, was annihilated. ~ Japanese journalist, August 1945. ~ Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. (pilot, Enola 6, Gay) 8: 15 a. m. Hiroshima, Japan August 6, 1945

Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan. Destroyed numerous cities, shattered the economy, caused deaths of two million people. In the background are the remains of a Roman Catholic cathedral on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan following the atomic blast of Aug. 9, 1945.

Casualties from the US bombing of Japanese cities in 1945

Japan’s Post-War Infrastructure • Much of Japan’s infrastructure had been completely destroyed by battle and atomic bombs. • infrastructure- the basic structures or features of a city or nation; transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric systems are all a part of infrastructure.

Reforms Made to Japan

JAPANESE CHANGES REFORMS POLITICAL New Constitution ECONOMIC Improve Infrastructure Constitutional Monarchy SOCIAL English as 2 nd language Japan adopts US culture Market Economy Emperor Stripped of Power Invest in Human and Capital Resources Women’s Suffrage

Rebuilding and Improving Infrastructure

Postwar Political Developments Infrastructure • Increased paved roads • High speed ‘bullet train’ began service between Osaka and Tokyo in 1964 • New trunk line, ‘shinkansen’ 22

Land Reform and Labor Reorganization

Rebuilding Japan • Labor reorganization • Unionization – democratization • Dec. 1945 Trade Union Law right to organize bargain and strike. • 1946 – I million to 4. 5 million members. • Land Reform 2/3 of arable land – tenants rents, • 1946 Land Reform Act – 5 million acres – redistributed in 2 -5 years

Education Reform

Postwar Social Developments Education (Post SCAP) • Hierarchical system remained: middle school, high school, college or university • Increasing number of youths advanced to high school • Educated-based hierarchy 26

Reforms Relating to Gender and Family

Postwar Political Developments Women’s Status (SCAP period) • Recruiting women to work as prostitutes in ‘Recreation and Amusement Centers • Extended civil and political rights to women • First post-war elections: 39 women were elected to the Diet, 10% of the seats • But the dominant position of males in the family and in society at large was not overturned by constitutional reform 28

Postwar Social Developments Women’s Status (Post SCAP period) • Shifted from working in textile companies to electronic companies • Living in company housing and enjoying very constraining benefits of paternalistic management policies 29

Postwar Social Developments Gender Inequality • Male graduates: entered managerial positions • Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers • Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health—learned the skills of good wives and mothers 30

Postwar Social Developments Family Pattern • Nuclear families & extended families: co-existed • Single family homes of middle-classes • Extended family pattern changed • Arranged marriage to ‘love marriage’ 31

Cultural Reforms 32

Postwar Social Developments Cultural and Leisure Activities/Living Style • Mass media continued to play a key role • Provided powerful sense of belonging • TV broadcasting-NHK • Change in social consciousness 33

Demilitarization and War Criminal Reforms

Demilitarization • Purged almost all wartime officers and politicians • Disbanded almost all militaristic associations and parties • Prosecuted almost all war criminals – The issue of Yasukuni Shrine • Dismantled almost all war industries

War Criminals • Yasukuni Shrine was built in Meiji 2 (1869) • Japan’s Pacific War criminals have been worshipped in it since 1978 • Strong protests from other Asian countries

The "Peace Clause" • Article 9 in the 1947 constitution: • “the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes • “land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained”

Article 9 Controversy PP. 155 -56 1) Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. 2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized. • Renunciation of war • No possession of military forces • Denial of the state’s right of belligerency

US-Japan Mutual Security Pact • Forged in the wake of World War II, the U. S. -Japan security alliance has served as one of the region's most important military relationships and as an anchor of the U. S. security role in Asia. • Revised in 1960, the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security grants the United States the right to military bases on the archipelago in exchange for a U. S. pledge to defend Japan in the event of an attack. • Signed in 1951 alongside the Treaty of San Francisco that ended World War II, the original U. S. -Japan Mutual Security Treaty was a ten-year, renewable military agreement that outlined a security arrangement for Japan in light of its pacifist constitution. U. S. forces would remain on Japanese soil after Japan regained sovereignty. • A grand strategy for postwar Japan laid out by then prime minister Yoshida Shigeru that saw Japan rely on the United States for its security needs so the country could focus on its own economic recovery.

Political Reforms

Government Choices • Mac. Arthur decided to Japan would be a constitutional monarchy. – A constitutional monarchy is one where… • He wrote a constitution for the country, still referred to as The Mac. Arthur Constitution, that created a two –house parliament called a Diet.

JAPANESE REFORMS (Changes) 1947 • Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). • Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. Douglas Mac. Arthur and Emperor Hirohito. www. wikipedia. org

Japan’s New Constitution • The constitution created a two-house parliament called The Diet. • Everyone over the age of 20 could vote for members of the Diet. • The constitution also included a Bill of Rights and guaranteed basic freedoms. • The emperor remained as a symbol of the country, but was stripped of his power.

Japan’s New Constitution • The constitution stated that Japan could never again declare war on another country. • Japan is allowed to fight only if it is attacked first. • Japan could not use its land, sea, or air forces to settle international disputes. • Today, the Japanese government is one of the strongest in the world.

Japan’s Constitution • In Japan’s new constitution – The emperor remained as a symbol of the country. – The people were granted universal suffrage – Everyone over the age of 20 was allowed to vote for member of the Diet • It also contained a Bill of Rights and guaranteed basic freedoms. • One clause in this constitution prevents Japan from declaring war. They are allowed to fight ONLY if they are attacked first.

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US ENDS OCCUPATION OF JAPAN 1952 US ends their occupation of Japan in 1952. Japan is granted membership into the United Nations in 1957.

Economic Reforms

Postwar Recovery 1945 -49 • The Japanese economy collapsed due to input shortage. Inflation surged. Living standards plummeted. • The US occupied Japan and forced Army General democratization and demilitarization Douglas Mac. Arthur, head (but later partly reversed). of GHQ • Subsidies and US aid supported the war-torn economy. • The priority production system, based on economic planning, contributed to output recovery (1947 -48). • Inflation was ended by Dodge Line stabilization (1949).

Zaibatsu • Zaibatsu, (Japanese: “wealthy clique”), any of the large capitalist enterprises of Japan before World War II, similar to cartels or trusts but usually organized around a single family. • One zaibatsu might operate companies in nearly all important areas of economic activity. • The Mitsui combine, for example, owned or had large investments in companies engaged in banking, foreign trade, mining, insurance, textiles, sugar, food processing, machinery, and many other fields as well.

Zaibatsu • The four main zaibatsu were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda • Other secondary ones that many would know are Suzuki and Nissan. • All of them developed after the Meiji Restoration (1868), at which time the government began encouraging economic growth. • The zaibatsu had grown large before 1900, but their most rapid growth occurred in the 20 th century, particularly during World War I, when Japan’s limited engagement in the war gave it great industrial and commercial advantages. • In 1946, after the end of World War II, the Allied occupation authorities ordered the zaibatsu dissolved. • Stock owned by the parent companies was put up for sale, and individual companies of the zaibatsu empires were freed from the control of parent companies. • The management of the individual companies, however, was not radically changed, and to some extent the coordination and control of the previous organization remained.

Zaibatsu • After the signing of the peace treaty in 1951, many companies began associating into what became known as enterprise groups (kigyō shūdan). • Those created with companies that were formerly part of the big zaibatsu—Mitsubishi group, Mitsui group, and Sumitomo group—were more loosely organized around leading companies or major banks • They differed most significantly from the old, centrally controlled zaibatsu in the informal manner that characterized each group’s policy coordination and in the limited degree of financial interdependency between member companies. • The cooperative nature of these groups became a major factor in Japan’s tremendous postwar economic growth, because, in the pooling of resources, the investments made by these groups in developing industries were large enough to make these industries competitive worldwide.

Rebuilding Japan • Zaibatsu – cartels – Military-economic – Froze accounts, 83 companies were broken up – Heavy industry (ship building, trucks) – Anti Monopoly law passed – 1957, 1200 companies reviewed, only 9 affected

US REBUILDS JAPAN’S ECONOMY 1955 U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan.

The Tokyo Labor College was one of the many institutions created after the war in order to promote more equitable economic development than had existed before www. japanfocus. org

THE COMPACT CAR JAPANESE IMPORTS TO THE U. S. IN THE 1970 s

Growth of Japanese Car Industry • The Japanese automotive industry is one of the most prominent and largest industries in the world. Japan has been in the top three of the countries with most cars manufactured since the 1960 s, surpassing Germany. • The automotive industry in Japan rapidly increased from the 1970 s to the 1990 s (when it was oriented both for domestic use and worldwide export) • In the 1980 s and 1990 s, overtook the U. S. as the production leader with up to 13 million cars per year manufactured and significant exports.

Growth of Japanese Car Industry • After massive ramp-up by China in the 2000 s and fluctuating U. S. output, Japan is now currently the third largest automotive producer in the world with an annual production of 9. 9 million automobiles in 2012. • Japanese zaibatsu (business conglomerates) began building their first automobiles in the middle to late 1910 s. • The companies went about this by either designing their own trucks (the market for passenger vehicles in Japan at the time was small), or partnering with a European brand to produce and sell their cars in Japan under license. • Such examples of this are Isuzu partnering with Wolseley Motors (UK), and the Mitsubishi Model A, which was based upon the Fiat Tipo 3.

Growth of Japanese Car Industry • The demand for domestic trucks was greatly increased by the Japanese military buildup before World War II, causing many Japanese manufacturers to break out of their shells and design their own vehicles. • In the 1970 s Japan was the pioneer in robotics manufacturing of vehicles. • The country is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, and engines. • Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.

Growth of Japanese Car Industry • Exports of passenger cars increased nearly two hundred-fold in the sixties compared to the previous decade, and were now up to 17. 0 percent of the total production. • Rapidly increasing domestic demand the expansion of Japanese car companies into foreign markets in the 1970 s further accelerated growth. • Effects of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo accelerated vehicle exports along with the exchange rate of the Japanese yen to the U. S. Dollar, UK Pound, and West German Deutsche Mark. • Passenger car exports rose from 100, 000 in 1965 to 1, 827, 000 in 1975. • Automobile production in Japan continued to increase rapidly after the 1970 s, as Mitsubishi (as Dodge vehicles) and Honda began selling their vehicles in the US. • Even more brands came to America and abroad during the 1970 s, and by the 1980 s, the Japanese manufacturers were gaining a major foothold in the US and world markets.

Passenger cars Manufacturer 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Toyota 3, 849, 353 3, 631, 146 2, 543, 715 2, 993, 714 2, 473, 546 3, 170, 289 Nissan 982, 870 1, 095, 661 780, 495 1, 008, 160 1, 004, 666 1, 035, 726 Honda 1, 288, 577 1, 230, 621 812, 298 941, 558 687, 948 996, 832 Suzuki 1, 061, 767 1, 059, 456 758, 057 915, 391 811, 689 896, 781 Mazda 952, 290 1, 038, 725 693, 598 893, 323 798, 060 830, 294 Daihatsu 648, 289 641, 322 551, 275 534, 586 479, 956 633, 887 Subaru 403, 428 460, 515 357, 276 437, 443 366, 518 551, 812 Mitsubishi 758, 038 770, 667 365, 447 586, 187 536, 142 448, 598 Other 25 30 0 0 Total 9, 944, 637 9, 928, 143 6, 862, 161 8, 310, 362 7, 158, 525 8, 554, 219

Growth of Japan’s Economy Known as the Japanese Miracle!

Korean War (1950 - 1953) • Economic turning point for Japan: – war supplies to Korea – industrial resurgence – foreign currency • 1945 - 1950 growth rate: 9. 4% • 1950 - 1955 growth rate: 10. 9% • 1952 Japan’s GDP matched prewar high

High Growth of 1955 -62 • Large investment in heavy industry • Imports of energy and raw materials • Government’s economic goals: – achieve economic self-sufficiency – achieve full employment – improve export competitiveness – keep domestic demand high

High Growth of 1963 -1973 • Government’s “doubling income” plan – Large-scale infrastructure construction • Labor-intensive to capital-intensive – Technological improvement and facility modernization under government protection • Aggressive export strategy – Businesses compete with foreign counterparts under government protection

High Growth of 1963 -73 • Government’s plan to “double the national income in ten years” • scheduled 9% annual growth rate • large-scale infrastructure construction – Shinkansen (bullet train) – Olympic Games – port, road, and rails – human infrastructure

High Growth of 1963 -73 • labor-intensive in decline – agricultural subsidies – textile bankruptcies and “excess capacity” – coal industry in serious decline • capital-intensive on the rise – large firms had 10 - and 20 -fold growth • electronics and automobile

Government Response • Government responded to some sectors’ decline with reorganization and subsidization • Technological improvement and facility modernization under government protection – Ministry of International Trade and Industry • constant and critical role in developing the computer industry

High Growth of 1963 -73 • Aggressive export strategy – businesses compete with foreign counterparts under government protection • domestic market sealed off from competition • Strict limitations on governmt expenditures • 1965 Japanese exports exceeded imports for the first time in two decades

Government Policies • Macroeconomic success through internationally competitive firms – reduce the reliance on agriculture and small industry – capital-intensive industries – technically sophisticated products – improve national economic infrastructure – improve human infrastructure

More Shocks in 1990 s • Large and rising government deficit and public debt (now more than 200% of GDP) • Aging population (median age now at 45) • Banking crises and non-performing loans • Asian financial crisis (1997 -1998) • “Hollowing out” of industry • Natural disasters and terrorist attacks • Economic position now taken over by China and India

JAPAN IS A MODEL NATION 2009 Today, Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U. S. , Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses.

Today Japan has one of the most powerful industrialized economies in the world. Like the U. S. , Japan encourages a market economy which motivates people to develop new ideas and expand businesses. 1941 Japan declares war on the U. S. by bombing the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. America then declares war on Japan and enters WWII. 2009 1945 EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE REBUILDING OF JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II U. S. financial support, along with the Japanese values of hard work lead to a period of great economic growth for Japan. 1955 The U. S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII. 1945 Japan is granted membership into the United Nations five years after a seven year U. S. occupation. 1952 Political, economic, and social reforms were introduced, such as a freely elected Japanese Diet (legislature) and universal adult suffrage (voting rights). Japan establishes a constitutional monarchy. 1947 After WWII, Japan was placed under international control of the Allies through the Supreme Commander, General Douglas Mac. Arthur.