Rebecca Edwards Eric Hinderaker Robert O Self James

Rebecca Edwards • Eric Hinderaker • Robert O. Self • James A. Henretta America's History Ninth Edition CHAPTER 1 Colliding Worlds 1491– 1600 Copyright © 2018 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Distributed by Bedford/St. Martin's/Macmillan Higher Education strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution.

Village of Secoton in NC, Algonquian, 1585, by Englishman John White. Similar to European farming communities of the same era. Clusters of houses surrounded by crop fields. Townspeople preparing food and celebrating or conducting a ceremony.

I. The Native American Experience A. The First Americans 1. First migrants about 15, 000 years ago - From Asia, across the Ice Age “land bridge” 2. Glacial melting created the Bering Strait 3. Second wave about 8, 000 years ago 4. Third wave about 5, 000 years ago - Ancestors of Inuit and Aleut people 5. Hunter-gatherers for centuries 6. Developed agriculture around 6000 B. C. - corn, potatoes, squash! Agricultural success —> wealthy societies in Mexico, Peru, Mississippi Valley

I. The Native American Experience— cont’d B. American Empires 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Aztecs in Mesoamerica and Incas in the Andes City of Tenochtitlán Ruled by Aztec priests and warrior-nobles Incan City of Cuzco Incas: Ruled by a divinely ordained king

I. The Native American Experience— cont’d C. Chiefdoms and Confederacies in N. America 1. The Mississippi Valley - corn/maize —> sophisticated societies like the city of Cahokia (not as large as Aztec/Nahuatl-speaking or Incan civilizations to the south, however) 2. Eastern Woodlands - Algonquian, Iroquoian speaking peoples, and others. Some had single rulers, others had confederacies (like Iroquois) of chiefs. 3. The Great Lakes - Algonquian speaking peoples hunting/fishing and travel were hallmarks - trade and military alliances resulted

“Kincaid site” on Ohio River in present-day IL, near Cahokia, the large Mississippian town. 1050 -1450. Large “temple” or “council house” buildings, perhaps. Pyramid-like, ziggurat-like. Reminds me a little of the mesoamerican pyramid platforms like at Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, &c.

I. The Native American Experience— cont’d C. Chiefdoms and Confederacies—cont’d 4. The Great Plains and Rockies - Comanche, Sioux, Crow, and others. European horses revolutionized these indigenous cultures even before the people met Europeans! 5. The Arid Southwest - “Pueblo” peoples built stone structures built into cliffs. Irrigation technology allows agriculture to flourish 6. The Pacific Coast - NW Chinooks, Salishes, Haidas, Tlingits - the “Totem Pole” people and expert fishermen

I. The Native American Experience— cont’d D. Patterns of Trade 1. Complex network of trade routes - technology, food, tools, natural resources on the move! 2. Regional trade practices - some regions had trade fairs 3. Long-distance trade - “luxury goods” and precious objects like copper from Great Lakes, seashells for landlocked peoples, and rare goods like grizzly claws or eagle feathers 4. Wealthy leaders controlled trade - chiefs and distinguished hunters controlled trade and production, but shared/redistributed what they got as a way to legitimize their authority

I. The Native American Experience— cont’d E. Sacred Power 1. Animism - all living things and even inanimate objects have spirits, and these spirits can be understood via dreams/visions and by conducting ceremonies to influence guardian spirits to ensure successful hunts and crops 2. Women’s spiritual roles - closely tied to productivity of the soil - “life givers” - cleansing and renewal rights 3. Men’s spiritual roles - hunting ceremonies appealing to spirits for protection and peaceful passage of animal spirits from earth 4. Warfare rituals - rites of passage via raids, for example

II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World A. Hierarchy and Authority 1. Traditional European social order - inherited from the medieval period • divine right of rule • Monarchy • Titular nobility/aristocracy/landed gentry 2. Power of landed noblemen • Land (“feof”), power over the regions they owned, including power to conscript and to benefit from the work of the peasantry (they had limited options, even though they were not usually indentured servants or serfs) 3. Male-dominated societies - patriarchal. Property and status/titles passes through male heirs both by law and custom. 4. Inferiority of women - English women transferred from their father’s control to their husband’s, including their property. • Women and children as “chattels” - property • Even a woman’s dowry became her husband’s functional property. 5. Inheritance practice of primogeniture - the eldest son inherits property and titles

II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World—cont’d B. Peasant Society 1. Peasantry and serfdom - Ca. 1450, most Europeans were peasants - farmworkers from agricultural villages who “rented” from landowners and in some instances as time goes on, owned small parcels of land. 2. Followed seasonal patterns, like Native Americans 3. Harsh circumstances - late medieval period featured crop failure, disease (BLACK PLAGUE!), and population disjointure. Rural people from Britain, Spain, & Germany made up the bulk of European migrants to the west in the colonial period

II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World—cont’d C. Expanding Trade Networks 1. Arab scholars and merchants in the Mediterranean region, Africa, and Near East 2. Mediterranean trade routes in the 12 th century - Italian city states, esp. Venice, come to prominence and MERCHANTS, BANKERS, and TEXTILE MANUFACTURERS become wealthy and powerful 3. New ruling class of merchants during the Renaissance - Kings, princes, and titled nobility not the only powerful people in Europe, especially in Northern Italy. • MEDICI family in Florence, for example • Civic humanism - virtue and service to state, education and culture are important - a way for “middle class” merchant-types to acquire elite cache! 4. Hanseatic League - Norther European trade alliance of merchants 5. Alliances between monarchs and merchants commerce made traditional rulers more powerful, too, because they controlled policy in their jurisdictions and could make deals with these merchants. • Monarchs using “middle class” against aristocracy; protected guilds and trade and encouraged strong economies, reaping tax money and loans from merchants to finance bureaucracy and military endeavors

II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World—cont’d D. Myths, Religions, and Holy Warriors 1. The rise of Christianity • Conversion of pagans in late antiquity and early medieval period to monotheism • Coopting pagan traditions and painting non-Christian or “heretical” Christian teachings as false and dangerous • Christian church a powerful, lasting institution that provided stability in regular people’s lives • Monarchs/last warlords standing used rising power of Christianity in late antiquity/early medieval period as a way to solidify power • Church as a “kingmaking” institution and partner/ally of rulers and ruling dynasties

II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World—cont’d D. Myths, Religions, and Holy Warriors—cont’d • The Crusades - the Western church vs. Eastern Church and also Islam fighting for the Holy Lands and control of trade routs, strained relationship also with Byzantine Empire • The Reformation - 1517 • Martin Luther • John Calvin (predestination guy, basis for Puritanism) • Henry VIII and Church of England • Reform within the Catholic Church itself (Jesuit order established in 1540, for example) • Competition for conversion among these movements affected the colonial world in particular

III. West and Central Africa: Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade A. Empires, Kingdoms, and Ministates 1. West Africa 2. Sudanic civilization 3. Empires in northern Savanna - Ghana, Mali, Songhai - gained wealth through trade 4. Abundance of gold made these empires rich, as Europeans, North Africans, and Asian nations and peoples who came to use gold as a currency 5. Smaller kingdoms in the lower Savanna

III. West and Central Africa: Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade—cont’d B. Trans-Saharan Africa and Coastal Trade 1. Trans-Saharan trade caravans of the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires - metals, salt, and SLAVES 2. European trade in Africa - Gold Coast, Bight of Benin as the “Slave Coast” - Europeans traded with various local peoples

III. West and Central Africa: Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade—cont’d C. The Spirit World 1. Diverse spiritual beliefs - polytheism in many cases; some sub-Saharan African peoples were familiar with Islam via Arab merchants and missionaries 2. Diverse rituals - ancestor worship, fertility rituals, spirit manipulation for good and not-so -good purposes

IV. Exploration and Conquest A. Portuguese Expansion 1. Prince Henry’s efforts (1394 -1460) - naval academy, sailing technology helped establish longer-distance trading in Africa and beyond 2. Italian explorers and traders - finding alternate routes to Africa when Ottoman Empire cut off Eastern Mediterranean routes in the mid-15 th century; partnerships with Portuguese and Castilian voyages 3. European planters in Atlantic islands - looking for new routes = new places to settle and plant 4. Small, coastal trading posts initially 5. Trade dominated by the Portuguese by 16 th century

IV. Exploration and Conquest —cont’d B. The African Slave Trade 1. Slavery in Africa and Arab nations • Bonded labor—through slavery, serfdom, indentured servitude—was the norm in most premodern European societies • Also existed in African societies - war captives, debt securities 2. Trans-Saharan slave trade 3. Portuguese merchants join slave trade in 15 th century, surpass Arabs as primary sellers. Initial interest in gold trade, slave trade is lucrative 4. African slavery on Portuguese sugar plantations in eastern Atlantic • 1502 - first slaves brought to N. Am. by Spaniard Juan de Cordoba; local native populations did not adapt well to slavery & European disease • 1517 - First direct exportation of slaves, by Spaniards 5. Atlantic slave trade expanded after 1550 - new sugar plantations in Brazil and West Indies. 1619 first slaves brought to Virginia.

IV. Exploration and Conquest —cont’d C. Sixteenth-Century Incursions 1. Now-famous mariner Columbus of Genoa and the Caribbean 2. Spanish Monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Castile marry to create a unified SPAIN and finance explorers to find new routes to Asia 3. Rechristianization” of Granada and Reconquista in 1492 another goal of theirs

V. Exploration and Conquest —cont’d • Columbus thought the Atlantic Ocean, long feared by Arab merchants as a 10, 000 -milewide “green sea of darkness, ” was a much narrower channel of water separating Europe from Asia. • Ferdinand Isabella, thought he was a little nuts, but arranged financial backing from Spanish merchants and charged Columbus with finding a western route to Asia and carrying Christianity to its peoples

VI. Exploration and Conquest —cont’d • Columbus set sail in three small ships in August 1492 • Perilous voyage of 3, 000 miles and six weeks • Landed on an island in the present-day Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia—“the Indies, ” in fifteenth-century parlance. • He called the native inhabitants (the Taino, Arawak, and Carib peoples) Indians and the islands the West Indies. • Plans for conversion to Christianity

VII. Exploration and Conquest —cont’d • Upon hearing stories of rivers of gold, Columbus assigned forty men to the island of Hispaniola before returning to Spain as a hero • Columbus found no gold, but Spain sent three more expeditions over the next twelve years - the colonization of the West Indies begins, transporting more than a thousand Spanish settlers and hundreds of domestic animals • A German geographer soon labeled the newly found continents America in honor of Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci. • Vespucci explored the region around 1500, believed that the land was not part of Asia and called it a nuevo mundo, a “new world”