READING Rosa Lee Carter ES MINILESSONS Prefixes Suffixes

READING Rosa Lee Carter ES

MINI-LESSONS Prefixes Suffixes Context clues Main Idea and Supporting Details Fact and Opinion Plot Character Theme Make Inferences Genre Personification Text structure

PREFIXES (UN-, RE-, DIS-) A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word. It changes the meaning of the original word. An unemployed person has a good job. The car may need rewashing, even if you think you’re done. Think aloud: in the first sentence, I see a word with a prefix un-: unemployed. Unemployed means “not employed, ” so this sentence isn’t true. In the second sentence, I see a word with the prefix re-: rewashing. Rewashing means “washing again” so this sentence is true.

A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word. A prefix changes the meaning of the original word. The prefix un- can mean “not” employed) un+ employed=(not The prefix re- can mean “again” (wash again) re+ wash= rewash The prefix dis- can mean “not” not appear) dis+ appear= disappear (

Read each sentence underline the word that has a prefix. Write the meaning of the word on the line below. 1. An unkind person doesn’t help others. ______________________________ 2. After a hurricane, a whole town may have to rebuild. ______________________________ 3. A person who always tells lies is dishonest. ______________________________ 4. Skateboarding without a helmet is unsafe. ______________________________ 5. Hikers can retrace their steps to find their way home. ______________________________ 6. When people disagree, they don’t think alike. ______________________________ 7. Unclear directions are hard to understand. ______________________________ 8. You might look at a book and then replace it on the shelf. ______________________________

SUFFIXES(-FUL, -ABLE, -LESS, -LY) A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word. It changes the meaning of the original word. Which one is most powerful- a train engine, a wheelbarrow, or a bike? Think Aloud: I see the word powerful. It has the suffix –ful. Powerful means “full of power. ” A wheelbarrow and a bike aren’t powerful, but a train engine is powerful.

A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word. It changes the meaning of the original word. The suffix –ful means “full of. ” power) The suffix –able means “able to be. ” to be washed) The suffix –less means “without. ” without fear) The suffix –ly means “in a certain way. ” soft way) power+ ful= powerful ( full of was+ able= washable ( able fear+ less= fearless ( soft+ly= softly ( in a

READ EACH QUESTION. UNDERLINE THE WORD THAT HAS A SUFFIX. THEN CIRCLE THE WORD(S) THAT ANSWER EACH QUESTION. 1. What can you tell about a predictable story? when it was written what will happen next how long it will take to read 2. Which animal is often described as faithful? a dog a squirrel a fish 3. Which word is a synonym for cloudless? cloudy cloudburst clear 4. Which one is comfortable? a fluffy pillow a wooden bench a lumpy bed 5. Which animal moves swiftly? a turtle a shark a cow 6. Which one is harmful to the environment? recycling pollution gardens 7. Which one is breakable? a glass vase a rubber ball a metal rod 8. Which person acts bravely? a deserter a coward a hero

CONTEXT CLUES When readers come to an unfamiliar word, they should first try to use context clues to figure out the meaning. Context clues are the other words in the sentence or in the sentences that come before or after the unknown word. Grizzly bears are loners. Yet sometimes they congregate at fishing spots. Dozens of bears gather to eat fish. Think Aloud: The word congregate is unfamiliar. I’ll look at the other words in the sentence and in the sentences around it to figure out the meaning.

READ EACH PASSAGE. USE CONTEXT CLUES TO FIND THE MEANING OF EACH UNDERLINED WORD. CIRCLE THE CORRECT MEANING. Passage 1: Grizzly bears are immense, powerful animals, . These huge bears are quite fast in spite of their size. Grizzly bears are appealing animals that are both fascinating and frightening to people. 1. The word immense means: A) enormous B) undersized 2. The word fascinating means: A) boring B) unpleasant C) average C) interesting

PASSAGE 2 Once, any grizzly bears lived in the western United States. Over time, people built roads and houses, so the bears’ home in the wild became smaller. The loss of habitat caused many bears to die. It looked as though grizzlies would be eliminated from the area. 3. The word habitat means: A) a house built by many people B) an animal’s natural home 4. The word eliminated means: A) got rid of B) included C) a place for hunters C) accepted

PASSAGE 3 People wanted grizzlies to survive. To be sure these special bears would go on living, laws were passed to protect grizzlies. Today, grizzlies still remain in parts of the western United States and will stay there as long as people care about this extraordinary animal. 5. The word survive means: A) continue to exist B) stop living C) become endangered 6. The word extraordinary means: A) common B) strange C) remarkable

MAIN IDEA AND SUPPORTING DETAILS The main idea is what a passage is mostly about. Supporting details give information, or facts, that tell more about the main idea. Long ago, groups of Native Americans lived in different parts of what is now the United States. The Hopi lived in the southwest desert country. The Iroquois lived in the northern forests. On the central prairies, you would find the Osage. Think Aloud: First, I ask myself: what is this passage mostly about? What is the main idea? It is Native Americans lived in different parts of this country. Details that tell me more about the main idea are the Hopi lived in the desert, the Iroquois lived in the northern forests, and the Osage lived on the prairies.

Read each passage. Write a sentence from the passage that tells the main idea. Then list two details that support the main idea. Passage 1: The Hopi lived in the desert. Little rain fell there. They built houses with stones. The stones were covered with damp clay from the desert. The hot desert sun made the clay hard and smooth when it dried. The Hopi used what was available in the desert to make their homes. 1. Main Idea: _______________________ The Hopi used that what support was available the desert 2. Two details the inmain idea: to make their homes. ___________________ They used stones, and damp clay. _______________________ They used the desert sun to dry the clay.

Passage 2: The Iroquois lived deep in the forest where there were many trees. The Iroquois used trees to build their homes and protect their villages. They made wooden homes called longhouses that looked like long, narrow barns. The roofs and walls were made of tree bark. Their villages were surrounded by high fences made of upright logs. The logs had sharp points on the tops. 1. Main Idea: The Iroquois used trees to build their homes and protect their villages. _______________________ 2. Two details that support the main idea: They made longhouses out of tree bark. _______________________ They built fences out of logs. _______________________

FACT AND OPINION A fact is a statement that can be proven true or false. An opinion tells what a person or group of people thinks, feels, or believes. An opinion cannot be proven true or false. Clara Barton helped nurse the sick and wounded during the American Civil War. She is the most famous nurse of all time. Think Aloud: The statement Clara Barton helped nurse the sick and wounded during the Civil War is a fact. I can check a reference source to probe whether it is true or false. I can’t check to prove that She is the most famous nurse of all time. This is a statement of opinion.

READ EACH PASSAGE. THEN WRITE ONE STATEMENT OF FACT AND ONE STATEMENT OF OPINION FROM THE PASSAGE. Passage 1 Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706. The best day of his life was when he moved to Philadelphia. Franklin worked all day, every day to make life better for people in that city. He set up Philadelphia’s first volunteer fire department. While living there, he helped organize our country’s first public library. Benjamin Franklin was the greatest citizen from Philadelphia. 1. Statement of Fact: ______________________ Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706 2. Statement of Opinion: ___________________ The best day of his life was when he moved to Philadelphia.

Passage 2 Roberto Clemente was the first Latin American to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. I believe Clemente was a superstar both on and off the baseball field. On New Year’s Eve 1972, Roberto was taking supplies to earthquake victims when the cargo plane he was riding in crashed. I think Roberto Clemente will always be remembered for his baseball records and for how much he cared for others. 3. Statement of Fact: 4. Statement of Opinion: I BELIEVE CLEMENTE WAS A SUPERSTAR BOTH ON AND OFF THE BASEBALL FIELD.

PLOT The plot is the series of events in a story. It begins with a problem or conflict faced by a character. The plot ends with the resolution of the problem or conflict. Jo didn’t want to make a sandwich for her lunch every day. Jo tried not packing a sandwich, but then she was hungry. Jo tried soup instead of a sandwich, but she got tired of soup. One Saturday, Jo thought of a way. “I’ll make five sandwiches and freeze them for the week!” Think Aloud: The problem in this plot is that Jo doesn’t want to make a sandwich every day. Story events show that Jo tries to solve the problem by not packing a sandwich and by eating soup instead. The resolution is when Jo makes five sandwiches to freeze.

READ THE STORY. THEN COMPLETE THE PLOT CHART. Keep the Fire Burning In the winter, winds and snow blew across the American plains. The Blackfoot had to stop following buffalo herds. They set up teepees among trees. The teepees protected them from the weather. One very cold day, the Whitecloud family was huddled around the fire in their teepee. “We have to keep the fire burning, ” said Father. Since it was the women’s job to gather wood for the fire, Mother and Sister went to the forest to get branches. “It’s freezing out here, ” said Mother. “If only we didn’t have to do this every day. ” “Let’s bring in long, thick branches, ” Sister offered. “They will last longer than a day. ”But they could not carry out the heavy branches. “ We can pick up many little branches, ” suggested Mother. “ Then we can feed the fire slowly so it will last for many days. ” But the wind blew the little branches out of their arms. Finally, the two women gave up. They went back to the teepee with only one day’s supply of firewood. The next day was sunny and bright. The wind was very light. “I know what we can do, ” said Mother. “Since it is a good day, we can spend a lot in the woods gathering branches. We can stack the branches next to the teepee. We can make a cover for the wood. Then we won’t have to go into the forest on days when the wind is cold and howling. ” “We will keep the fire burning, and we will keep warm, too!” agreed Sister.

Title: Keep the Fire Burning 1. Problem: Mother and Sister don’t want to gather wood every day. Events: 2. They try to gather large branches, but they are too heavy. 3. They try to gather small branches, but the wind blows them away. 4. They go home with one day’s supply 5. Resolution: They gather wood on nice days, and store it near the teepee.

CHARACTER Characters are the people, animals, and sometimes objects the story is about. Readers learn about characters through what the characters say, do, and think, and through descriptions of their physical appearance and of their traits. Lexie had piles of papers all over her desk. “I can’t even find my homework!” complained Lexie as she sifted through the mess. Think Aloud: I think that the way Lexie acts and what she says to figure out what Lexie is like. This shows that Lexie is a person who doesn’t keep things in places where she can find them. One of Lexie’s traits is that she is disorganized.

READ THE PASSAGE ABOUT THEJACOB FAMILY. USE THE WEB WITH A CHARACTER TRAIT THAT DESCRIBES EACH PERSON. thoughtful bossy hard-working excited impatient athletic It was Saturday and Kayla and Brad were going to run in a race with their grandfather. “Brad, get water bottles for both of us, ” Kayla demanded. “Don’t forget bars and oranges. ” “ I’ll bring a health bar and an orange for Grandpa, too, ” thought Brad. “This 5 K race will be fun, especially since Grandpa has run it so many times. ” When Kayla and Brad got to the runners’ area, Mom was already there. She’d been setting up and organizing the sign-in stations since early morning. When Grandpa, arrived, Dad insisted on getting a photo of Kayla, Brad and Grandpa. “I’ll take a before and after picture, ” said Dad. “And I’ll try to get one during the race as I cheer you on. This is a great day for the Jacob family!” “The only thing we need now is the starter’s signal, ” said Grandma. “I’m getting tired of watching runners get in place. It’s time to get this race on the road!”

Grandpa athletic ____ Mom hard-working _____ Brad _____ thoughtful Kayla _____ bossy _ Jacob Family Dad _____ excited Grandma _____ impatient _

CHARACTER TRAITS VOCABULARY 5 th grade words: Apprehensive Compliant Corrupt Cross Depraved Dignified Discreet Docile Ethical Frank Glum Ingenious Lackadaisical Malicious Plucky Prudent Rebellious Selfless Sheepish Sullen • 4 th grade words: • Assertive • Cordial • Cunning • Defiant • Fickle • Haughty • Hesitant • Indifferent • Meek • Menacing • Noble • Perceptive • Pompous • Reckless • Ruthless • Skeptical • Submissive • Surly • Unassuming • Uncompromising

Character Trait Synonym Example Tolerant Understanding Louis Armstrong Mischievous Naughty White Witch of Narnia Optimistic Positive Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Malicious Evil Lord Voldemort Admirable Praiseworthy Roberto Clemente Persistent Determined Nancy Drew Spiteful Hateful Nazy soldier Action Jim secretly sold his watch to buy a present for his wife. Character Trait discreet, selfless

THEME The theme is the central idea or insight about life the author wants readers to understand. The theme is the general message. A dog had a big, tasty bone in his mouth as he walked across a bridge over a stream. The dog looked into the stream and saw his reflection in the water. Thinking it was another dog with a bone, he wanted to have that bone, too. The dog snapped at his reflection. His bone fell into the water and was lost forever. Think Aloud: What does the author want me to understand about life? One good bone wasn’t enough for the dog. I think theme or message is, “ if you are greedy, you can loose what you have. ”

PASSAGE 1. READ. CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION. Rocco wasn’t a good speller. He knew he was unlikely to win the upcoming spelling bee. Still, he made flash cards and listened to spelling CDs. He played spelling games with friends. In the last round of the bee, Rocco got the word “spaghetti. ” He thought his chances were over. But then he started to think of the words on the cards and the words on the CDs. Still no hope. Time was running out. Then Rocco remembered seeing a box of pasta on the kitchen counter. He spelled s-p-a-g-h-e-t-t-i. Rocco came in fourth, which made all his hard work worth it. 1. A. Spelling bees can be fun. B. Always read the backs of boxes. C. Never give up. D. Fourth place is better than first place. 2. Why did you choose that answer? Even though Rocco wasn’t a good speller, he didn’t give up. He tried to get ready for the spelling bee. He kept trying until he thought of a way to spell spaghetti.

PASSAGE 2. READ. CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION. One hot summer day, Ant was trying to drink from a pond. She fell in. “Help!” cried Ant. “I can’t swim!” Dove was flying nearby. She had to do something fast to save Ant. Dove quickly broke a twig from a tree and dropped it into the pond. Ant crawled onto the twig and floated safe to the shore. Not long after, Ant saw the Bird Catcher. He was setting a trap to catch Dove was flying straight toward a trap. Ant knew she had to save Dove. Ant bit the Bird Catcher’s ankle. “Yipes!” yelled the Bird Catcher. Dove heard the shout and flew away. Dove was safe. 3. A. A favor is often returned. B. Stay away from ponds. C. Birds and bugs can be friends. D. Take care of ant bites. 4. Why did you choose that answer? Dove saved Ant from drowning, and then Ant returned the favor by saving Dove from Bird Catcher’s trap.

MAKE INFERENCES Authors do not always explain everything in the text. Sometimes readers must make inferences, or educated guesses, based on details in the text and what they already know. The bus was filled with people from all over the country. As it turned the corner, I could see the White House. Think Aloud: I wonder where this person is? The author doesn’t say, so I have to make inferences.

PASSAGE 1. READ. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. This was a special night for Julie. A lady with a friendly smile handed Julie a booklet. Quickly, Julie browsed the pages until she found the photo of her dad. “My dad plays the part of Professor Higgins, ” Julie pointed out before she found her seat. Then the lights went dark and the curtain went up. 1. Where is Julie? How do you know? At a play. She gets a booklet with actors’ photos, she finds a seat, and the curtain goes up. 2. How does Julie feel about her dad? How do you know? Julie is proud of her dad. She points out her dad’s photo and talks about his part.

PASSAGE 2. READ. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. Jorge looked at the floor, the wall, and back at the floor again. He checked his safety devices one more time. Then he gathered his courage, grabbed the rope, and took the first step on the wall. Up and up he climbed. He could barely hear his instructor’s encouraging voice from below. “Don’t look down, ” Jorge repeated to himself over and over again. 3. What is Jorge doing? How do you know? Jorge is going up a climbing wall. He looks at the wall and floor. He has safety devices and an instructor. 4. How is Jorge feeling? How do you know? Jorge is scared. He has to gather his courage and talk to himself.

GENRE Genre is a type of writing. There are four main genres: fiction( stories), nonfiction (biography, how –to), plays ( writing that uses dialogue and stage directions), and poetry ( writing that used short lines, stanzas, rhythm, and sometimes rhyme). George Washington was born in 1732. He made his home in Mount Vernon, Virginia. In 1789, George Washington became the first president of the United States. Think Aloud: What genre is this passage? It is not a story, a play with stage directions, or a poem with short, rhythmic lines. This passage is nonfiction. It’s a biography that gives facts about the life of George Washington.

READ. WRITE WHETHER IT IS FICTION, NONFICTION, A PLAY, OR POETRY. Once upon a time, a princess wanted a new horse. The king always gave the princess everything she wanted. “Bring every horse in the land to the castle!” the princess demanded. 1. Fiction Make Party Snacks * Get whole-grain crackers of different shapes. * Spread peanut butter on each cracker. * Put raisins or chopped bananas on top of the peanut butter. 2. Nonfiction

READ. WRITE WHETHER IT IS FICTION, NONFICTION, A PLAY, OR POETRY. Act 1 Matt: [shaking voice] So you think it’s perfectly safe to camp in these woods? Dad: [nodding] Of course, it’s the same place I camped with my dad years ago. Mr. Gaines: [ beaming flashlight on the campers] Who are you two? Why is there a tent in my backyard? Play 3. Jack be nimble, Jack be quick; Jack jump over the candlestick. 4. Poem

Our spaceship landed in a dark, murky swamp. As we disembarked, three smiling creatures greeted us. They grabbed our hands and began twirling us around in a wild dance. Laughing and clapping, we followed them through the muck. But were they friends or enemies? 5. Fiction

PERSONIFICATION Personification is giving human qualities and abilities to non- humans, such as animals or objects. The flames were dancing around the campfire logs. Think Aloud: Flames can’t dance. Only humans can dance. The author personified the flames. This personification paints a picture in my mind.

READ. FIND THE PERSONIFICATION. CIRCLE THE NAME OF THE ANIMAL OR OBJECT BEING PERSONIFIED. 1. The colorful fall leaves hurried across the yard. 2. Children ran and played as the sunshine smiled at them. 3. Fear held his legs in place. 4. The wind came screeching by my bedroom window. 5. Lori’s keyboard chattered on, clicking the notes for her report.

6. The waves marched up the beach. 7. The stars blinked in the dark night sky. 8. I pushed a button, and my computer went to sleep. 9 . My friend, the sky, invited me to play. 10. The mountain is dressed in a robe of snow.

TEXT STRUCTURE Authors organize their writing in different ways. Text structure is the way text is arranged or organized. One type of text structure is cause and effect. Some wildfires are started by lightning and some are from the intense heat of the sun. others are started by careless or uncaring people. In hot, dry weather, a wildfire can spread and burn acres of trees and brush. Wildfire flames can destroy the homes of animals and people. Think Aloud: I notice that this text structure is cause and effect. The first paragraph gives causes of wildfires, and the second paragraph tells the effects of wildfires.

READ. ORGANIZE INFORMATION IN THE CAUSE-EFFECT CHART. A tornado starts to form when warm, wet air and cold, dry air meet. They turn into a thundercloud. If the rising air begins to spin, then often a funnel-shaped cloud is created. When a powerful tornado hits, it can destroy homes and building. The strong tornado winds can toss cars and uproot trees. At times, people and animals are injured or killed because if a tornado’s force.

TORNADOES Causes of a tornado Effects of a tornado 1. 4. 2. 3. Warm and cold air meet and turn into a thundercloud. Rising air spins and creates a funnel cloud. A spinning funnel cloud touches the ground. 5. 6. Destroys homes and buildings Uproots trees Injures or kills people and animals

YOU ARE… On your way to being an expert reader! SGK