Read Ch 17 and jot down answers Key

Read Ch. 17 and jot down answers. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?

The Glorious (or not) End – 1877

• EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR • creation of a single unified country • abolition of slavery • increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights • U. S. now an industrial nation • a stronger sense of nationalism • Western lands increasingly opened to settlement • South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled. . . thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U. S. ) - but a deep hatred of the North remained. . .

Reconstruction Questions 4. What branch 1. How do we of government “Reconstruction” refers to the era bring the South should control from back into 1865 the to 1877 when the. U. S. process of Union? gov’t addressed bringing the South Reconstruction? back into the Union after the Civil War & the over former 2. How dotreatment we 3. How do we slaves in the America rebuild South integrate and after its destruction during the war? protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?

The South is destroyed • The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. • Most of the land in the South was destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuilt. • This rebuilding of the South was called Reconstruction.

Wartime Reconstruction Plans • In 1863, Lincoln announced a lenient Ten Percent Plan: Plan • President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. • Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U. S. could be readmitted to the Union. • The South also had to accept a ban on slavery. Congress rejected Lincoln’s plan: Radical Republicans wanted black male suffrage added & feared that Confederate leaders would take charge in the South

The Slaves Are Free • With the ending of the war, the slaves were now free. • The 13 th Amendment to the Constitution was passed. • The 13 th Amendment made slavery illegal forever in the United States.

13 th Amendment « Ratified in December, 1865. « Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. « Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

• The U. S. government was divided in its approach to Reconstruction: Lincoln wanted: 1. Quick readmission of the South & no formal protection for freed blacks 2. Use pardons to control the South 3. South decides to pledge loyalty Republicans in Congress wanted: 1. Guaranteed rights for exslaves & a promise that ex-Confederate leaders couldn’t govern 2. Congress has right to decide whether slaves can join

Wartime Reconstruction Plans n The Wade-Davis Bill was passed by Congress in 1864: – 50% of state populations had to swear an oath of By the end of the Civil War, the loyalty government had planto vote or –U. S. Confederate leaders were notno eligible for Reconstruction in place participate in state governments – Did not require black suffrage but did enforce This problem was compounded in emancipation 1865 when Lincoln was n But Lincoln vetoed the bill assassinated

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) « Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) « Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. « Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address • On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid out his approach to Reconstruction in his second inaugural address. • He hoped to reunite the nation and it’s people.

• “With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. ” –A. L.

Lincoln is assassinated • Just six days after the war ended, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play. • Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. • Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president.

Who will become president? What will Reconstruction look like now? ?

President Andrew Johnson « Jacksonian Democrat. « Anti-Aristocrat. « White Supremacist. « Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union.

Growing Northern Alarm! « Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. « Johnson granted 13, 500 special pardons. « Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

Black Codes « Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. « Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

“Malice towards none and charity for all” —Abraham Lincoln “Every head of family in the United States should have one slave to take the drudgery and menial service off his family” —Andrew Johnson

Radical Republicans • The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. • The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. • They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy.

Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) « Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. « Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen and establish schools. « Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

The Freedman’s Bureau • The Freedman’s Bureau was established in 1865 to offer assistance to former slaves & protect their new citizenship: – Provided emergency food, housing, medical supplies – Promised “ 40 acres & a mule” – Supervised labor contracts – Created new schools

th 14 Amendment « Ratified in July, 1868: • Federal gov’t must protect the civil rights of all Americans • Defined the meaning of “citizenship” for Americans • Clearly defined punishments for Southern states who violated the civil rights of African-Americans « Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The 14 th Amendment • The 14 th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U. S. except for the Indians. • It said that state governments could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. ”

Johnson and The Radical Republicans • Congress was angry at President Johnson for not going along with their Reconstruction policies. • As a result, Congress impeached Johnson.

Impeachment • Impeachment is the process of charging a public official with a crime. • The next step was to try the president in the Senate. • By a single vote, Republicans failed to convict Johnson. • The only other time a president has been impeached was Bill Clinton.

The 1866 Bi-Election « A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. « Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. « Republicans won a 3 -1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

Radical Reconstruction • Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens, trumped Thaddeus Stevens the Johnson by passing it its own Radical most Reconstruction influential of plan the in 1867: – Congress could confiscate “radical” Republicans; He & redistribute Southern plantations opposed the Crittenden – Allowed quick Compromise, led re-entry the for states that supported black suffrage impeachment charges – Ex-Confederates couldn’t vote against Johnson, & – And… drafted the Radical Reconstruction plan used from 1867 to 1877

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 « Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. « Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. § Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. § A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

Created 5 military districtswas to enforce But, Radical Reconstruction so dependent ondistricts massive sustained federal Created 5 military to enforce&Reconstruction acts aid that it was not adequate to enforce equality in the South… …and Johnson obstructed Republicans’ plans by removing sympathetic cabinet members & generals

President Johnson’s Impeachment « Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. « Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. « The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial « 11 week trial. « Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 s vote).

Reconstructing Southern Society

Reconstructing Southern Society • How did Reconstruction impact the South? – Southern whites wanted to keep newly-freed blacks inferior – Freed blacks sought equality, property, education, & the vote – Many Northerners moved South to make money or to "civilize" the region after the Civil War

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant § Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. § Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. § Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer § Plants crop, harvests in autumn. § Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. § Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner § Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Problem: families accumulated debt to Sharecropping the landowner before their crop was sold; This cyclical process led to mortgages on future crops (crop lien system) By the end of 1865, most freedmen had returned to work on the same plantations on which they were previously enslaved

The Black Codes • The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the new-found freedom of African Americans. • Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.

Black Codes: A New Slavery? • Violence & discrimination against freedmen by whites was common: – Southerners used black codes to keep former slaves from voting, getting jobs, buying land – 1, 000 s of blacks were murdered – U. S. army did not have enough troops to keep order in the South

Voting Rights • Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. • One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll tax. • Another law was passed that said a person could only vote if their grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause.

Republican Rule in the South • In 1867, a Southern Republican Party was formed by: – Northern “carpetbaggers” carpetbaggers – Southern “scalawags” scalawags interested in making money in the South – Small, white farmers who wanted protection from creditors Republicans were only in Southern – Blacksfor who 1 -9 wanted civil rights power years but improved • Many Southern blacks were elected public education, welfare, & to state & national gov’t transportation

15 th Amendment « Ratified in 1870. « The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. « The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. « Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Reconstruction” Amendments

How effective was the U. S. in addressing these Reconstruction questions? 1. How to bring the South back into the Union? 2. How to rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How to integrate & protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?

STOP HERE. Discuss ? s.

Class Discussion • Identify & explain the different Reconstruction plans: – Lincoln’s Plan – The Wade-Davis Bill – Andrew Johnson Plan – Thaddeus Stevens & the Radical Reconstruction Plan • Rank order these plans in terms of which ones were (or would have been) most successful

Ku Klux Klan • In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan. • The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote. • The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks. • Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. • The Klan was known to have murdered many people.

Segregation and Jim Crow Laws • Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation. • Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public places • Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregation

Plessy v. Ferguson • The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson. • They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans. • In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal. ” • It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America.

40 Acres and Mule • During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were promised 40 acres of land a mule. • Unfortunately, the government never came through with their promise. • During the riots in the 1960’s, people were overheard saying, “That’s for my 40 acres and a mule, ” as they stole something from a store. • Film maker Spike Lee’s company is called 40 Acres and a Mule.

Legacies of Reconstruction • The impoverishment and underdevelopment of the South until the 1950 s (crop liens, cotton lock, debt peonage, tenant farming and sharecropping) • Better education for blacks (public schools, increased literacy rates), more autonomous black institutions (Black Members of the 41 st and 42 nd Congress, Hiram Revels [MS] included) • 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments (at least in place, if not enforced) • Black congressional representation ( 14 H. o. R. and 2 senators from 1868 -1876)

PPT compiled and adapted from: • Ms. Susan M. Pojer (Horace Greeley HS) • American Civil War ppts (mrdonn)