Rayat Shikshan Sansthas Veer Wajekar Arts Science Commerce

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s Veer Wajekar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Phunde Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India BIOTECHNOLOGY CLASS: F. Y. B. Sc. BY Dr. Rahul B. Patil Department of Zoology, Veer Wajekar ASC College, Phunde

Introduction Do you use this technology in the Kitchen? • • • Marination, caramelisation, food preservation, fermentation and tendering meat by using papaya. Single molecule to organism can be used. Term Biotechnology: Hungarian Engineer Karl Ereky in 1919. Def. : The application of Science and Engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services. Help in National Development, Sustainable Development, Socio-economic progress by - developing new vaccines, diagnostics, drugs, engineered pathogens for pollution control, biodiversity control and restoration of damaged ecosystem.

Landmark Achievements in Biotechnology Fishery • • Genetic resistant strains of oysters Transgenic salmons help reducing development span Aquabounty Technology: • Salmon is first genetically modified animal • Antifreeze proteins (AFP’s) : Cryoprotective protein: Salmon produce AFP’s to survive in freezing state of water.

Achievements of Indian Fishery • Dr. T. J. Pandian, Department of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamraj Univerisity, • Madurai received Shantiswarup Bhatnagar Award in 1984 for making viable hybrid Fishes. • CIFA: Central Institutue of Fresh Water • Aquaculture undertake project, “Selective breeding of Rohu” named “Jayanti Rohu” a genetically modified Rohu with higher growth and efficiency in 1997. • Seeds released on 50 th Indian Independence as “Swarna Jayanti” to public and private Hatcheries.

Transgenic Bull: Herman Improve Livestock Lactoferin: High iron content in health Development in infant Cows protected from inflammation of milk glands by Staphylococcus aureus Animal Husbandry DNA finger printing Technology Virus resistant Transgenic silkworm-1 st time in world Survival rate, cocoon quality, high silk yield Increased Milk yield Wool yield Increased growth rate Disease Resistance in Fish

Biomarker Human Genome Project Stem Cell Technology Medical Testing for Chromosomal Abnormalities and defective genes RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) Cysstic fibrosis, Sickle Celll Anaemia, Haemophilia Human Embryonic Stem Cells Vaccine & Therapeutic Antibodies Hepatitis B virus, Rabies virus

INDUSTRIAL Fermentation Breads, Yogurt, Cheese, Beverages like Beer, wine, Champagne, liquors Ethanol S. cervicae Idli, Bread Beakers Yeast Foods Pharmaceuticals Cheese, Sour cream, yogurt Thearupatic proteins Rennin- Cheese Insulin- Diabetes Hepatitis B Vaccine. Cervical Cancer (HPV)

Transgenesis It is a method of cell manipulation in order to produce an animal or plant breed. • • • Techniques of Transgenesis Retroviral vector method Nuclear transplantation method DNA microinjection method Embryonic stem cell method

Transgenesis Retroviral vector method Desired sequence of gene is transfected in genome of recipient cells Limitations Retrovirus cannot transfer larger than 8 kb sequences of DNA Essential adjecent sequences responsible for expression of Transgene may be lacking Should not be used in preparing transgeneic animals to be used for commercial purpose Advantage: can be use in gene therapy

Transgenesis Nuclear transplantation method • • A method of fusion of a blastomere (nucleated donor cell) of one species into the unfertilized enucleated oocyte of another species Donor cell nucleus fuses with enucleated oocyte with electric pulse Activated oocyte is grown in culture medium up to blastocyst Them implanted into uterus of foster mother for full term development. Gives transgenic foetus Later stage of gastrula does not produce normal foetus. John B Gurdon received Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 2012.

Transgenesis DNA microinjection method • Chamberlain and co-workers at Human Genome Centre, Michigan University, USA • Cured mice inherited a neuro-muscular disease similar to human muscular dystrophy • Mutant mice lacking 427 K gene in brain and muscle cells with weak diaphragm • Introduction of 427 K gene normalize things in the next generation

Transgenesis Embryonic stem cell method

Cloning Dolly • • Dr. Ian Wilmut and coworkers at Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland in 1995 created a Cloned sheep called Dolly Cell from Mammary epithelium of Finn Dorset ewe (6 yrs old) Cultured in medium Introduced in another sheeps enucleated ovum: Scottish Blackface sheep Grown in culture medium Transplanted in to uterus of third adult sheep: surrogate Dolly born on 22 nd Feb 1997

Cloning Dolly • The success rate is too low. • 277 nuclei were transferred • 29 eggs grew into embryos • 13 embryos sucessfully transplanted into surrogate mother • 01 successful birth of an offspring: Dolly

Applications of Biotechnology DNA Fingerprinting Technology

Applications of Biotechnology Applications of DNA Fingerprinting Technology • • It is sensitive technique, being able to generate sufficient data from only a tiny amount of even partially degraded biological material. Used in areas like forensic science for crime investigation, medical diagnosis and parentage testing. Setting up of genetic databank fro application in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry. Study of evolutionary relationships of animals like wild life preservation and better management of endangered species.

Applications of Biotechnology Recombinant DNA in Medicines Recombinant Insulin: • Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of Pancreas • Regulate glucose metabolism • Failure of Insulin results in Diabetes mellitus • Insulin is peptide hormone consisting of 2 polypetide chains, namely A and B linked by disulphide bonds. • A contains 21 amino acids and B contains 30 AA • Human gene encoding the insulin protein into the E. coli host cells which them produce insulin hormone. • Clones of E. coli are capable of producing about 1 million molecules of insulin per bacterial cell • Licensed drug

Applications of Biotechnology Gene Therapy

Applications of Biotechnology Gene Therapy

STUDENT ASSIGNMENT 1. 2. 3. Write an essay on Ethical Issues of Transgenic and Cloned animals. Prepare a flow diagram showing Gene therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID). Prepare a flow diagram showing Gene therapy for Cystic fibrosis. Note: submit assignment on or before 10 th October 2017