Rayat Shikshan Sanstha Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini Central region Satara

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science & Technology Logylogyat Topic - Life around you Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Introduction 7. 1 Biodiversity 7. 2 Classification & hierarchy 7. 3 Binomial nomenclature 7. 4 Whittakars- Five Kingdoms Logylogyt 7. 5 Classification of plants 7. 6 Traditional Classification of animals Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Introduction. Logylogyt in living things. There is a great variety Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. CLASSIFICATION Due to great variety or diversity, similar organizing & grouping is essential with living things also. The process of identifying differences. Logylogyat among the living Things & placing them into groups that have significantly similar characteristics is called biological classification or taxonomy. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Hierarchy In order to make relevant groups to study various froms , we need to decide more fundamental differences. This would create main broad groups of organisms. Within this groups smaller Logylogyat Subgroups will be decided by less important characteristics. This is called as hierarchy of characteristics. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Living Organisms Prokaryoter Monera KINGDOM 1 Eukaryotes Step -1 Unicellular Multicelluiar Protista KINGDOM 2 Logylogyt With cell wall Step -2 Without cell wall Animalia KINGDOM 5 Fungi KINGDOM 3 Std-9 th Plantae KINGDOM 4 Sub-Science &Technology Step -3 Step -4 Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. What is the basis of distinction in each of the four steps? This is the five kingdom classification given by scientist Whittaker (1959). This scheme was based on. La ogylogyt Ø Structure of cells- {prkaryotic or eukaryotic} Ø Structure of organisms – {unicellular & multicellular} Ø Mode of nutrition – photosynthesis in green plants, absorption in fungi & ingestion in animals. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Classification of kingdom The kingdom are classified into sub groups at various levels – Kingdom # Phylum/sub kingdom/*Division Class Logylogyt Order (# Phylum for animals) (* Division for plants) Std-9 th Family Decreasing similarity Group character Increasing similarity Genus Species Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is suggested by scientist “Carl Linnaeus” Logylogyt The name includes two terms-1)Genus 2) Species Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Few examples of binomial nomenclature Animals Genus Species Specific Names 1)Lion Panthera leo 2)Tiger Panthera 3)Leopard Panthera Std-9 th Logylogyt tigris Panthera tigris pardus Panthera pardus Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Few examples of binomial nomenclature Plants Genus Species Specific Names 1)Mango Mangifera indica Mangifera Indica 2)Pink rose Rosa 3)Tulsi Ocimum Std-9 th Logylogyt gallica Rosa gallica sanctum Ocimum sanctum Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Whittakars Five kingdom Classification 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Std-9 th Kingdom monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Logylogyt Kingdojm Plantae Kingdom Animalia Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Kingdom - Monera Characteristics- ØAll the organismms are Unicellular ØThey may be autotrophic or heterotrophic ØThese are prokaryotic cells, without distinct nucleus or cell Logylogyt organelles Photographs of microbes Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Kingdom - Protista Characteristics. These are single celled oranisms with well defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Logylogyt. they include autotrophs eg. Algae and heterotrophs eg. Protozoans. some of them have hair like cilia or whip like flagella for locomotion. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples of kingdom - Protista Logylogyt Amoeba Std-9 th Bacteria Sub-Science &Technology Euglena Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Kingdom Fungi Characteristics- ØThese are nongreen, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms Logylogyt ØTheir cell wall is made up of chitin ØMost of them have thread like hyphae rather than cells Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 1) Yeast Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 2) Moulds- a) Aspergilus b)Penicillium Aspergillus Std-9 th Mucor Sub-Science &Technology Mucor Penicillium Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 3) Mushrooms Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Kingdom - Plantae Characteristics- ØMulticellular, having a cell wall made up of Logylogyt cellulose ØAutotrophic & stationary. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Kingdom - Animalia Characteristics- ØMulticellular Logylogyt ØThe outer covering of cell is cell membrane ØHeterotrophic & motile Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Classification of plants Kingdom plantae Cryptogamae (non flowering) Nonvascular Vascular Logylogyt Thallophyta Bryophyta Phanerogamae (flowering) Pteridophyta Gymnosperms (naked seeds) Monocots Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Angiosperms (covered seeds) Dicots Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Subkingdom -Cryptogamae Division -Thallophyta Characteristics- Logylogyt ØSimple soft , thread like body without roots, stem & leaves ØAquatic habitat, autotrophic nutrition Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Ulothrix Std-9 th Ulva Sub-Science &Technology Chara Spirogyra Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Division - Bryophyta Characteristics- ØThese are primitive, multicellular, autotrophic, shade loving, amphibious plants Logylogyt ØThey reproduce by spore formation ØThin, soft, plate like green body. There is no vascular system ØRoot like structures called rhizoids are present Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Funaria Std-9 th Merchantia Sub-Science &Technology Riccia Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Division - pteridophyta Characteristics- ØMulticellular, autotrophic ØPlant body is differentiated Logylogyt into roots, stem & leaves. ØThey posses a simple vascular tissue ØThey reproduce asexually by spores & sexually by formation of gametes Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Andiatum Std-9 th Lycopodium Marsilea Sub-Science &Technology Selaginella Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Subkingdom - Phanerogamae Division - Gymnosperms Characteristics. Logylogyt unbranched stem & ØEvergreen, perennial, having conifer leaves ØThey bear separate male & female flowers called as “cones” ØThey do not form fruits & their seeds are open Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Cycas Deodar Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Pinus Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Division - Angiosperms Characteristics- Logylogyt ØThey bear flowers as reproductive organs. Seeds develop inside the fruits ØSeeds may have a mono cotyledon or di cotyledon Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples. Monocots-Maize Dicots- Mustard Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Traditional classification of animals Kingdom - Animalia- They are classified on the basis of following points 1)Strucural organisation 2)Body Symmetry-a) Assymetrical b) Symmetrical. Logylogyt The symmetrical animals may have any one of the following symmetry. a) Bilateral symmetry as in frog, rat etc. b) Radial symmetry an in hydra, starfish etc. c) Spherical symmetry as in some sea-Urchins 3)Presence or absence of notochord 4) Presence or absence of coelom or body cavity 5) Organs of locomotion Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Classification of subkingdom Metazoa Sr. No. Phylum Typical Examples 1 Prifera All sponges such as Spongilla, Sycon 2 Coelenterata Hydra, Sae-anaemone, Physalia 3 Platyhelminthes Tape worm, Planaria, Liver flike 4 5 Nemathelminthes Ascaris(Round Logylogytworms), Wuchereria Annelida Earth worm, Leech, Nereis 6 Arthropoda Insects like bees & flies, Prawn, Scorpion 7 Mollusca Pila, Bivalve, Octopus 8 Echinodermata Asteria(starfish), Sea urchin 9 Hemichordata Balanoglosus 10 Chordata Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves & Mammals Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Porifera CharacteristicsØAs the name suggests they are the organisms with holes in the body ØIt includes all “sponges” ØCharacteristics: Logylogyt ØThey are non-motile, attached to a solid Support, asymmetric creatures, mainly found in marine habitats. ØThe whole body of these animals is perforated with pores called “Ostia”. The large opening at the upper free end is called “Osculum” Body is covered by spicules. ØExamples: Sycon Sponge, Euspongia. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Sponge Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Coelenterata CharacteristicsØAll coelenterates are aquatic , mostly marine. ØThe simple body of these animals consists of two layers of cells (diploblastic) outer and inner. With radial symmetry. Logylogyt ØThey have a body cavity or coelom. ØBody has a single opening at hypostome surrounded by sensory “tentacles”. ØThese animals generally reproduce asexually by “budding”. Ø 1. Colonial forms – Corals, Sea Anemones. Ø 2. Solitary forms – Hydra, Jelly fish. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Hydra, Sea-animone Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Platyhelminthes CharacteristicsØThey have flat ribbon like body which is bilaterally symmetrical & has three layers of cells (triploblastic). Ø "Hooks"for attachment to host & "Sucker"toabsorb Logylogyt nutrition. Ø They are either free living or parasitic ØExamples: -1)Tape worm 2)Planaria 3)Liver fluke Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Tape worm Std-9 th Planaria Sub-Science &Technology Liverfluke Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Nemathelminthes Characteristics- ØThe body of nematodes is tritloblastic & bilaterally symmetrical just as the earlier phylum but the body is also cylindrical rather than flattened. Logylogyt Ø They are mostly parasitic with sexes generally separate. ØA primitive body cavity is present which is Øknown as pseudocoelom (pseudo- false). Ø A straight digestive tract begins with mouth & ends with an anus. Ø Most of these worms cause disease in human beings. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples-Male & female ascaris Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Sr. No Parasite Human organ Disease as Host 1. Ascaris(Round worm) Stomach/ Logylogyat Intestine Ascariasis (Worming trouble) 2. Pin- worm Stomach/ Intestine Vomitting 3. Filarial worm Skin Filariasis (elephantiasis) 4. Hook worms Stomach ache & itching anu Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Annelida CharacteristicsØTriploblastic, cylindrical, segmented, burrowing worms having a bilateral symmetry Logylogyt ØThey have true coelom ØThey reproduce sexually ØFew of them are parasitic ØLocomotion occures by setae ØFound in marine water, fresh water or on land Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Leech Std-9 th Neries Sub-Science &Technology Earthworm Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Arthropoda Characteristics- ØThey are most cosmopolitan, triploblastic, bilaterally Logylogyt appendages for symmetrical having jointed locomotion ØBody is externally segmented & protected with chitinous exoskeleton ØBody is devided into head , thorax & abdomen ØSexes are separate & reproduce by sexual means Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you Std-9 th

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Centipeds Std-9 th Butterfly Sub-Science &Technology Scorpion Cockroach Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Mollusca Characteristics- Mostly aquatic with unsegmented soft body covered with a shell Body is divided into. Logylogyt a) Anterior head with sence organs b) B)dorsal visceral mass with organ syatem c) C)ventral foot for locomotion Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Oyster pearl Pila Sub-Science &Technology Std-9 th Octopus Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Echinodermata CharacteristicsØ Mostly marine, unisexual , tirploblastic animals having a tough spiny exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate. Logylogyt Ø Their body is unsegmented & hard, with a radial symmetry. Ø They have a developed coelom, and derive their food from water vascular system. Ø Have tube feet for locomotion. Ø They have Regenration capacity. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt Star fish Std-9 th Sea cucumber Sub-Science &Technology Sea urchin Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Hemichordata Characteristics- ØMarine or burrowing worms with soft, unsegmented body having bilateral Logylogyt symmetry ØPosses gill slit for respiration Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples-Balanoglossus Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Phylum - Chordata Phylum chordata is further divided into six classes 1)Cyclostomata 2)Pisces Logylogyt 3)Amphibia 4)Repttilia 5)Aves 6)Mammalia Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class- Cyclostomata[agnatha]: - Characteristics: ØThese are marine animals having fishlike with These are marine animals having fishlike body with bilateralbody symmetry. bilateral symmetry. They have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins ØThey have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins. ØExamples: -Petromyzon[lamprey], myxine[hagfish]. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples: -Petromyzon[lamprey], Myxine[hagfish]. Characteristics: These are marine animals having fishlike body with bilateral symmetry. They have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class - Pisces Charateristics: - ØThese animals are exclusively aquatic and well adapted to aquatic mode of life. They have a streamlined rough body skin covered with scales. ØThey process covered or uncovered gill slits for respiration and paired fins to swim in water. caudal [tail] fin helps to Examples: -Petromyzon[lamprey], myxine[hagfish]. chang the direction while swimming. Heart is two chambered. ØThey are cold blooded. [body temperature varies as the tempreture of environment. ] They large number of eggs. ØSome have endoskeletons made up entirely of cartilage, such as sharks and some with an endoskeleton made up of both bone and cartilage, as in tuna or rohu. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples-Electric ray, Sting ray, Dog fish. Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class - Amphibia Characteristics: ØAnimals that can live in water as well ason land. ØThey posses short fore limbs and long hind limbs with five webbed digits (Icthyophis is limbless). Characteristics: - Animals that can live in water as well ason land. ØHeart is three chambered andand mixed blood circulates in the body. They posses short fore limbs long hind limbs with five webbed digits (Icthyophis is limbless). Heart is three chambered and mixed blood circulates in the respire body. ØThey are unisexual, oviparous and fertilization is external. They through gills in larval stage and adopt pulmonary or cutaneous respiration during dormant period. (Amphibian remains dormant in summer (aestivation) and in winter(hibernation). Ø Examples: -frog, salamander, toad. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Frog Std-9 th Salamander Sub-Science &Technology Toad Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class-Reptilia CharacteristicsØThese are cold - blooded, mostly terrestrial animals. ØThey crawl or creep, as they have either weak short limbs or even no limbs. ØThe body skin is dry, Logylogyt rough, and scaly and the body is divisible into: Ø 1)Head 2)Neck 3)abdomen 4) tail ØThey respire only with lungs. ØThey are unisexual, oviparous having internal fertilization. ØMost of these animals have a three chambered heart. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples- Logylogyt King cobra Std-9 th Wall Lizard Flying Lizard Sub-Science &Technology Turtle Chameleon Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class - Aves CharacteristicsØThese are worm blooded, unisexual oviparous animal that hatch the eggs. ØThey are well adapted to aerial life. ØThe forelimbs are modified into wings and the body is covered with feathers has exo-skeleton. ØThe body is streamlined , spindle shaped , light due to hollow bones. ØThey breathe trough lungs. ØTheir heart is four chambered. Ø The external part of mouth developted into a "Beak ". Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples. Parrot Owl Kite Logylogyt Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Class Mammalia Characteristics: ØThese are Most evolved , warm blooded , mostly terrestrial animals with body adapted to various surroundings. Ø They have Mammary glands to produce milk to nourish their young ones. ØSkin is covered with hair ; skin has sweat and oil glands. Logylogyt ØAnimals are unisexual & viviparous. ØThey breathe through lungs. ØHeart is four chambered. They have movable jaws with teeth & eyes with movable eyelids & ear with movable pinna. ØThe muscular diaphragm is present between the thoracic & abdominal cavities. Ø They produce sound with active vocal-cords. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. Examples-Human being Logylogyt Whale Std-9 th Bat Dog Sub-Science &Technology Cow Topic-Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini, Central region, Satara. A Presentation By. Miss. Waghambare Priya Vishwas -M. Sc. B. Ed. (Chem) Logylogyat Name of the School. Maharaja Sayajirao Vidyalaya, Satara. Std-9 th Sub-Science &Technology Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems