RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES Identify nutrient requirements based on

RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES Ø Identify nutrient requirements based on physiologal status of animals Ø What feeds available (locally in particular) ØQuality status of the feeds Ø Price Ø Limitation Ø Ration Formulation

RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES Ø There some methods of ration formulation: a. Trial and error b. Pearson’s square c. Linear Programming

Feeds Conventional Feeds ü ü ü ü Corn Rice Bran Cassava meal Wheat meal Sorghum meal Molasses Feather meals Fish meal ü ü ü Soybean meal Meat Bone Meal Peanut cake meals Coconut cake meal Meat meals

Grain v Rice (Oryza Sativa) v Corn (Zea Mays) v Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) v Barley (Hordeum vulgare) v Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) v Millet v Soybean v Peanut

Grain By Products v. Rice Bran v. Rice Polishing v. Rice Pollard v. Wheat Polard v. Wheat Glutten v. Corn Gluten

Forages v Leucaena leaves v Alfalfa leaves v Cassava leaves v Sesbania leaves v Sweet potatoe leaves v etc

Roots v. Cassava v Sweet potato v Cassava wastes v etc

Industrial By Products v Coconut cake meals v Soybean meal v Full Fat Soyabean Meal v Cotton Seed meal v Peanut Meal v Sunflower Meal v Tofu wastes v Sesame seed meal v Kapok seed meal

Industrial By Product v Fish meal v Blood meal v Meat Bone meal v Feather meal v Poultry manure

Mineral Dan Asam Amino sintetik Calcium sources Limestone Rock phosphate Calcium phosphat Calcium monophosphat Phosphate sources Mono, Di and Tri phosphate Bone meal Synthetic Amino Acids DL-Methionin L-Lysin Tryptophan

Feed Additive v Microbial : Probiotic v Vitamins : ADEK dan B v Micro-minerals : Zink, Cobalt, Selenium, v Enzimes : Protease, Amylase Selulase, glucanase v Antibiotic: v Hormone : v Prebiotic v Acidifier, etc

Non- Conventional ü ü Banana leaves Sweet potatoe leaves Poultry manure Catapillar Manure ü Cocoa seed meal ü Fermented materials ü Cassava wastes – poultry manure ü Hidrolysed materials Rumen content

Hidrolisis Air Abu Sekam Isi Rumen Water 50 l Burn materials 5 kg Rumen content 10 kg Leave for 21 hours Hydrolised Rumen content Feed Filtrat of Rumen content Filtrat

Limitation of Feed utilisation § Volume/Fibrous diet § Anti Nutritive factors § Essential amino acid content § Digestibility § Lipid content § Balance Ca: P § Palatability § Price and availability

Limit use of AA Ø Ø Ø Feeds Main Corn Lys/Tryp Sorghum Lys Wheat Lys Soybean meal Met Cottonseed meal Lys Coconut cake meal Lys Fish meal Tryp Meat Bone Meal Tryp Blood meal Isoleu Feather meal Met Rice bran Lys Wheat Pollard Lys second Lys/Tryp Threo Met Threo Lys Isoleu Threo others Met/Threo Tryp Met Threo Isoleu Met Isoleu

Method of Feeding q Ad libitum q Skip a day q Choice of Feeding

NRC Guidelines: Dairy Holstein, 1, 5000 lb. , average body condition 65 mo. age Milk yield, lb/d 90 Days in Milk Early Lactation Dry, Pregnant 270 Days in Gestation BW 1, 656 lb 55 77 99 120 55 77 Dry matter intake lb/d 44. 7 51. 9 59. 2 66 29. 7 34. 3 30. 1 Net energy, Mcal/lb 0. 62 0. 67 0. 73 0. 94 1. 01 . 48 Diet % RDP 9. 5 9. 7 9. 8 10. 5 8. 7 Diet % RUP 4. 6 5. 5 6. 2 6. 9 7 9 2. 1 Crude Proteina % 14. 1 15. 2 16. 0 16. 7 17. 5 19. 5 10. 8 Calcium, % 0. 62 0. 61 0. 67 0. 60 0. 74 0. 79 0. 45 Phosphorus, % 0. 32 0. 35 0. 36 0. 38 0. 42 0. 23 Potassiumb, % 1. 00 1. 04 1. 06 1. 07 1. 19 1. 24 0. 52 Sodium, % 0. 22 0. 23 0. 22 0. 34 0. 10 Copperc, ppm 11 11 16 16 13 Zinc, ppm 43 48 52 55 65 73 22 2 -18

NRC Guidelines: Beef, Finishing Body Weight, lb. Dry Matter Intake, lb/d Daily Gain, lb. 525 650 14 17 775 900 1025 1150 19. 5 Crude Protein, lb/d 21. 5 23. 5 25. 5 1. 0 1. 8 2. 5 3. 3 4. 0 1. 22 1. 55 1. 87 2. 18 2. 49 1. 36 1. 69 2. 01 2. 32 2. 62 1. 49 1. 82 2. 13 2. 43 2. 73 Calcium, lb/d 1. 57 1. 86 2. 14 2. 40 2. 66 1. 65 1. 91 2. 15 2. 38 2. 60 1. 72 1. 95 2. 16 2. 36 2. 54 1. 0 1. 8 2. 5 3. 3 4. 0 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 0. 11 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 09 0. 11 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 09 0. 10 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 1. 0 1. 8 2. 5 3. 3 4. 0 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 08 0. 09 0. 10 Phosphorus, lb/d 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 2 -19

NRC Guidelines: Beef, Cows Protein, Ca, and P requirements for beef cows Months Since Calving Body Weight lb. 0 (Calving) 1, 340 1 1, 200 2 (Peak Milk) 1, 200 3 1, 205 4 1, 205 5 1, 205 6 1, 210 7 (Weaning) 1, 215 8 1, 225 9 1, 240 10 1, 260 11 1, 290 DM Intake lb. 24. 6 26. 8 27. 8 28. 4 27. 4 26. 5 25. 7 24. 2 24. 1 24. 0 23. 9 24. 1 CP Ca P --------- lb/d ---------2. 20 0. 06 0. 04 2. 71 0. 08 0. 05 2. 97 0. 09 0. 06 2. 82 0. 08 0. 06 2. 54 0. 07 0. 05 2. 26 0. 04 2. 04 0. 06 0. 04 1. 45 0. 04 0. 03 1. 49 0. 04 0. 03 1. 57 0. 04 0. 03 1. 69 0. 06 0. 04 1. 89 0. 06 0. 04 2 -20

NRC Guidelines: Swine Nutrient Pig Weight Pig Weight 3 -5 kg 5 -10 kg 10 -20 kg 20 -50 kg 50 -80 kg 80 -120 kg (7 -11 lb) (11 -22 lb) (22 -44 lb (44 -110 lb) (110 -176 lb) (176 -265 lb) Crude Protein, % 26. 0 23. 7 20. 9 18. 0 15. 5 13. 2 Lysine, % total 1. 5 1. 35 1. 15 0. 95 0. 75 0. 60 Lysine, % appt. ileal dig 1. 26 1. 11 0. 94 0. 77 0. 61 0. 47 Calcium, % 0. 90 0. 80 0. 70 0. 60 0. 50 0. 45 P, % total 0. 70 0. 65 0. 60 0. 50 0. 45 0. 40 P, % avail. 0. 55 0. 40 0. 32 0. 23 0. 19 0. 15 Potassium, % 0. 30 0. 28 0. 26 0. 23 0. 19 0. 17 Sodium, % 0. 25 0. 20 0. 15 0. 10 Copper, mg 6 6 5 4 3. 5 3 Zinc, mg 100 80 60 50 50 2 -21

NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Chickens Nutrient Layer 80 a, b Layer 100 a, b Layer 120 a, b Broiler 0 -3 wk Broiler 3 -6 wk Broiler 6 -8 wk Protein, % 18. 8 15. 0 12. 5 23. 0 20. 0 18. 0 Ca, % 4. 06 3. 25 2. 71 1. 00 0. 90 0. 80 Pc, % 0. 31 0. 25 0. 21 0. 45 0. 30 Potassium, % 0. 19 0. 15 0. 13 0. 30 Copper, mg ? ? ? 8 8 8 Zinc, mg 44 35 29 40 40 40 0. 19 0. 15 0. 13 0. 20 0. 15 0. 12 Sodium, % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2, 900 kcal/kg (1, 318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens). c Phosphorus is n. PP. 1 Adapted from Tables 2 -3, 2 -6, 3 -1, 5 -1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9 th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council. 2 -22

NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Turkeys Nutrient Turkey 0 -3 wk 3 -6 wk 6 -9 wk 9 -12 wk 12 -15 wk 15 -18 wk Protein, % 28. 0 26. 0 22. 0 19. 0 16. 5 14. 0 Ca, % 1. 2 1. 0 0. 85 0. 75 0. 65 0. 55 P, %c 0. 6 0. 5 0. 42 0. 38 0. 32 0. 28 Potassium, % 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 Copper, mg 8 8 6 6 Zinc, mg 70 65 50 40 40 40 0. 17 0. 15 0. 12 Sodium. , % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2, 900 kcal/kg (1, 318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens). c Phosphorus is n. PP. 1 Adapted from Tables 2 -3, 2 -6, 3 -1, 5 -1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9 th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council. 2 -23 Certified Nutrient Management

NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Other Nutrient Duck 0 -2 wk Duck 2 -7 wk Duck Breeding Turkey Tom Turkey Hen Protein, % 22. 0 16. 0 15 12. 0 14. 0 Ca, % 0. 65 0. 60 2. 75 0. 50 2. 25 P, %C 0. 40 0. 30 ? 0. 25 0. 35 Potassium, % ? ? ? 0. 4 0. 6 Copper, mg ? ? ? 6 8 Zinc, mg 60 ? ? 40 65 0. 15 0. 12 Sodium, % a Grams feed intake/hen daily b Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2, 900 kcal/kg (1, 318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs/100 hens daily). c Phosphorus is n. PP. 1 Adapted from Tables 2 -3, 2 -6, 3 -1, 5 -1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9 th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council. 2 -24 Certified Nutrient Management