Rating the Road for Vulnerable Users February 17
Rating the Road for Vulnerable Users February 17, 2011
Road crashes are one of the top three causes of death for 5 to 44 year olds. World Health Organisation A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road deaths per 100, 000 m population, 2008 IRTAD, 2009 * 2007 (p) provisional A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
About i. RAP is a not-for-profit working in partnership with government and non-government organisations to: – assess high-risk roads and create targeted safety plans – provide training, technology and support – track road safety performance A World Free of High-risk Roads
Development of RAP A World Free of High-risk Roads
i. RAP • Vulnerable Road Users: – Peds – Bikes (increasingly, electric bikes) – Motorscooter/cycles • Star Ratings concept Road Inspection Data Road Protection Scores Star Rating Road Safety Investment Plan
Sources of data • Examples: – Elvik, R. and Vaa, T. (2004) The handbook of road safety measures – Ogden, K. (1996) Safer Roads: A Guide to Road Safety Engineering.
Road inspections A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road users Crash types Road attributes Along Speed Sidewalk provision – left Sidewalk provision – right Side friction Across Speed Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities quality Pedestrians A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road Protection Scores Road users Crash types Road attributes Along Speed Roadside severity – left Roadside severity – right Lane width Paved shoulder Curvature Curve quality Delineation Road condition Facilitates for bikes Side friction Across Speed Crossing facilities Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities quality Intersection Speed Intersection type Intersecting road volume Intersection quality Minor access density Bicyclists A World Free of High-risk Roads
Traffic • Total traffic flow recorded in AADT – This should include all motorised vehicles – The numeric value will be entered for each 100 m section A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle flow High Medium Low None - 6 + bicycles per 100 m 3 to 5 bicycles per 100 m 1 to 3 bicycles per 100 m No bicycles present Notes: Raters should assess the general proportions of bicyclist in the flow over an extended length – and apply that for all segments along that road until an obvious change in proportions is noted. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian flow – crossing road High Medium Low None - 6 + crossing per 100 m 3 to 5 crossing per 100 m 1 to 3 crossing per 100 m No pedestrians crossing daily Notes: It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the i. RAP model. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian flow – along road High Medium Low None - 6 + along per 100 m 3 to 5 along per 100 m 1 to 3 along per 100 m No pedestrians along daily Notes: It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the i. RAP model. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Area type Urban Semi-urban Urban: • continuous development > 800 m. Houses A World Free of High-risk Roads Houses Semi Urban: • continuous development 200 m to 800 m • higher speed roads on the outskirts of towns • rural roads passing through lower density development or villages
Area type Rural: • All other areas A World Free of High-risk Roads
Number of lanes Two lanes in direction of travel A World Free of High-risk Roads
Speed limit >120 km/h 110 km/h 100 km/h 90 km/h 80 km/h 70 km/h 60 km/h 50 km/h <40 km/h Notes The actual posted numerical speed limit should be recorded If no speed limit is signed, the default speed limit set by law for that type of road should be used. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Lane width Medium Lane width is 2. 75 to 3. 25 m A World Free of High-risk Roads
Paved shoulder width 0 to 1 m wide Paved shoulder is 0 to 1 m 0 -1 m A World Free of High-risk Roads 0 -1 m
Unpaved shoulder width 1 to 2. 4 m wide Unpaved shoulder is 1 to 2. 4 m 1 -2. 4 m A World Free of High-risk Roads 1 -2. 4 m
Shoulder rumble strips Yes - present Only rumble strips that are approximately greater than 30 cm in width and 5 cm depth/height should be recorded. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Delineation Adequate Signs warning of severe hazards, and centre and edge markings are generally present and visible A World Free of High-risk Roads
Road Condition Poor Road has serious defects which are likely to result in frequent or unpredictable impact on vehicle control A World Free of High-risk Roads
Sidewalk – Left 1 to 3 m Non-physical separation from traffic Sidewalk separated from roadway by between 1 m and 3 m but no barrier provided 1 -3 m A World Free of High-risk Roads
Sidewalk – Left Physical barrier Sidewalk separated from road by a physical barrier at least 1 m high A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Side Friction Medium Activities or parking on one side of the road spill out onto the road A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Refuge only No crossing is marked but a central refuge is provided for pedestrians A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Unsignalised marked crossing without refuge The crossing is well marked but has no central refuge A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Unsignalised marked crossing with refuge The crossing is well marked and split with a central refuge A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Signalised without refuge Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Signalised with refuge Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements; the crossing is split with a central refuge A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian crossing facilities Grade separated facility The crossing is physically separated and does not bring pedestrians into conflict with traffic A World Free of High-risk Roads
Quality of crossing Poor Rapid or unexpected speed adjustments might be needed to avoid risk to pedestrians A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles None No specific provisions for bicycles A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles Dedicated bicycle lane on roadway Dedicated bicycle lane separated from traffic only by lane marking on roadway or by <1 m of raised or paved surface A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles Segregated Bicycle path separated from traffic by at least 1 m raised or paved surface A World Free of High-risk Roads
Facilities for bicycles Segregated Bicycle path with barrier Segregated bicycle path separated by a physical barrier or located at least 10 m from the road The physical barrier must be sufficient to restrain a vehicle from entering the bicycle facility at the posted speed limit. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity – Bike path • • • Cliff Distance to object 0 to 5 m Steep embankment slope Deep drainage ditch Distance to object 5 to 10 m Cut Safety barrier Motorcycle friendly barrier Distance to object > 10 m A World Free of High-risk Roads Notes: Roadside severity – Segregated Bicyclist Path records the roadside when there are segregated bicycle facilities
Roadside severity - Right Cliff or equivalent hazard that will result in certain fatality regardless of speed A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right Distance to object 0 to 5 m Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5 m Roadside gradient should be taken into account Examples of hazardous objects are: • Lighting columns • Trees greater than 10 cm diameter • Posts greater than 10 cm diameter • Structures that cause a rapid deceleration when hit • Ramped ends of safety barriers A World Free of High-risk Roads 0 -5 m
Roadside severity - Right Steep embankment slope Embankments with : • >1: 3 slope & drop >5 m • >1: 2 slope & drop >1. 5 m Rule of thumb A slope should be recorded if a vehicle is likely to roll on it A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right Deep drainage ditch Ditch of material, depth, or severity of angled face likely to result in severe injury to vehicle occupants. If the ditch does not if this criteria it should be recorded Rule of thumb Only record a ditch if most of the vehicle would drop into the ditch. A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right Distance to object 5 to 10 m Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5 to 10 m Roadside gradient should be taken into account A World Free of High-risk Roads 5 -10 m
Roadside severity - Right Cut Non-aggressive cut face of at least 2 m height Examples of cut are: • Earth bound banks • Grass banks Rock faces should not be recorded as cut A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right Safety barrier Barrier sufficient to restrain most cars and small vehicles A World Free of High-risk Roads
Roadside severity - Right Motorcycle friendly barrier Barrier designed specifically to restrain motorcycles without injury to the rider A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection 3 leg signalised turn lane 3 -leg intersection or T-junction with a turn lane (crossing opposing traffic) and signals A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection Roundabout All roundabouts A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection Railway crossing – Active An at-grade railway crossing with a physical device to warn of an approaching train (flashing lights and/or boom gates) A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection Merge lane Side-traffic joins the road being assessed via a merge lane. This is typically the case at grade separated intersections. If the merge lane is longer than 100 m it should only be recorded once A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection Median crossing – Informal Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal or informal) that has no acceleration or deceleration lanes and/or the pavement surface is in poor condition A World Free of High-risk Roads
Major intersection Median crossing – Formal Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal) that has appropriate acceleration and deceleration lanes and the pavement surface is in good condition A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Centre line only Single or double central line If the road is undivided and has no markings it should be recorded as: Median type = centre line only Delineation = poor A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Central hatching Marked central strip at least 1 m wide Examples of marking are: • Stripes • Coloured paving A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Rumble strip / flexi posts Central rumble strip or flexible post, but no continuous physical divider. Examples are: • Raised markings • Grooved roadway • Small physical obstacles Textured paint is not considered rumble strip A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Continuous central turning lane Continuous central lane designated as a turning lane A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Physical median width 1 to 5 m Divided road with defined median of different material of width 1 to 5 m 1 -5 m A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Safety barrier Divided road with safety barrier to international standards If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present A World Free of High-risk Roads
Median type Safety barrier Divided road with safety barrier to international standards If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present A World Free of High-risk Roads
A World Free of High-risk Roads
Safer Roads Investment Plan RPS x traffic volume x calibration factor Deaths and serious injuries (before) Apply countermeasures new RPS Deaths and serious injuries (after) Reduction in deaths and serious injuries and economic benefit A World Free of High-risk Roads
Safer Roads Investment Plans A World Free of High-risk Roads
Selected recommendations $US, 20 years Country Countermeasure Roads Assessed KSI's Saved (20 Deaths and serious BCR Length / KSI Reduction (km) year) Country injuries prevented sites Number $ per $ / KSI Saved BCR Malaysia Safety barriers 3, 650 Kenya 32, 000 200 km -32% 13, 300 15 $900 $5, 700 21 Chile Footpaths 2, 400 Chile 19, 000 530 km -44% 6, 100 31 $4, 500 $3, 800 28 Serbia Ped crossings 3, 000 Rica 310 5, 600 Costa -21% 3, 100 7 $4, 000 $11, 100 19 Average Shoulders (10 projects) 23, 000 Serbia -25% 1, 200 14 $8, 600 $4, 700 10 * 20 year benefits and costs in USD Killed and Seriously Injured M/cycle lanes 140, 000 290 km ** KSI = Malaysia 270 km A World Free of High-risk Roads 900 $6, 000 15
Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Director: Julio Urzua Meso American Highway i. RAP planning to assess 3000 km through 7 countries Mexico MOU discussions with the Departments of Health and Transport Peru i. RAP recommendations in US$540 project Chile US$32 m plan to prevent 19, 000 KSI A World Free of High-risk Roads Costa Rica i. RAP results part of major review of speed limits Paraguay Capacity-building project supported by IDB in 2010/11 Argentina 3, 100 km assessment across national and Cordoba State highways KSI = killed and seriously injured
i. RAP and a Decade of Action 3, 500, 000 km Length of road assessed 1, 000 Deaths and serious injuries that could be prevented $US 70, 000, 000 Annual economic benefit A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian Safety Features • barrier between sidewalk and edge of traveled way • sidewalk or side path • Separation distance between sidewalk or side path and edge of traveled way fic ion f ra ct T • Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions tera • Posted speed limit (or legal limit if not posted) In • Number of lanes for use by through traffic Encr oach • Urban area boundaries men t • bus or taxi stops • parking on the side of the roadway within 2 m outside of the edge of the traveled way A World Free of High-risk Roads
Pedestrian Safety Features (cont. ) • grade separated pedestrian crossing facility • pedestrian signal for crosswalk ing s s o • marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing Cr – Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings • advanced signing for pedestrian crossing • Sight distance to pedestrian crossing • • traffic barrier in median unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier paved median with no curbs and no traffic barrier Me dia n re Width of median fug e Centerline rumble strips roadway centerline marking A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features • • • side path (separated from traveled way) barrier between traveled way and side path bicycle markings on pavement of side path Int Traff er ic ac bicycle signing for side path tio n distance from side path to traveled way marked bicycle lane adjacent to travel lanes paved shoulder width of paved shoulder parking within 2 m outside of the edge of the traveled way • percentage of the road surface disturbed by potholes or other surface disturbances A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features • Posted speed limit or Legal speed limit (if not posted) • Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions (from actual traffic data) • Number of lanes for use by through traffic • Total width of lanes serving through traffic • potholes or other road surface disturbances that can potentially affect vehicle operations • bus or taxi stops fic ion f a • Urban area boundaries Tr act r e nt I A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont. ) • traffic barrier in median • unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier • paved median with no curbs and no traffic barrier • Width of median • median opening Me dia n re • Condition of median opening fug e A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont. ) • drainage ditch with depth of at least 1 m within 5 m of the traveled way • fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1: 2 or steeper with a height of at least 1. 5 m • fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1: 3 to 1: 2 with a height of at least 5 m • cliff with open drop within 10 m of traveled way • cut slope (earth embankment sloping down toward traveled way) of at least 2 m in height • roadside object greater than 100 mm in diameter on the side of the roadway • Distance from roadside object greater than 100 mm in diameter to traveled way R oad haz side ard s A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont. ) • • • steel guardrail on the side of the roadway concrete barrier on the side of the roadway cable barrier on the side of the roadway Bar rier ma s and roadside delineators, esp. on curve rkin g edge line markings, esp. on curve – Retroreflectivity of edge line markings, esp. on curves • shoulder rumble strip • lane line markings, esp. on curve – Retroreflectivity of lane line markings, esp. on curves • centerline marking, esp. on curve – Retroreflectivity of centerline marking, esp. on curves • centerline rumble strip A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont. ) • • advance signing on approach to curve Radius of curvature for curve Sight distance to beginning of horizontal curve chevron markers on curve Cur ves • Sight distance to intersection • advance signing on intersection approach • traffic signal control at intersection (stop-and-go signals, not a flasher) • roundabout • left-turn lane at intersection (far side of intersection) • left-turn lane at intersection (near side of intersection) • intersection leg on side of roadway ns o i • driveway ct e s r • entrance ramp merging into roadway nte I A World Free of High-risk Roads
Bicycle Safety Features (cont. ) • • • Sight distance to pedestrian crossing Ped grade separated pedestrian crossing facility Crosestrian sing s marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing pedestrian signal for crosswalk advanced signing for pedestrian crossing Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings, esp. on curves • railroad grade crossing • flashing signals at railroad grade crossing ilroads Ra • gates at railroad grade crossing A World Free of High-risk Roads
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