Rastervector File formats ZentaiReyes Digital cartography Cartography MSc

Raster-vector – File formats Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

GIS Spatial data models v Model q representation of reality in either material form (tangible) or symbolic form (abstract) q simplifies the “real world” which is infinitely complex v Data model q set of rules used to convert the infinitely complex real world into simple objects in a GIS v Differing GIS data models q GIS differ according to the way in which they represent real world v Data models fall into one of two categories q raster q vector Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Two main spatial data models Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster or vector? Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

The raster data model Ø data representation q divides study area into rectangular grid of cells Ø data storage q uses a conventional sequence of row by row from the top left hand corner q the raster data model assigns a value (e. g. a colour) for every location or cell in the study area Ø layers of information q one set of cells and associated values constitutes a layer q simple data storage and data analyses Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster spatial elements Ø cell § smallest unit Ø zone § a set of contiguous cells of the same value § analogous to a polygon Ø class § a classification (value or type) of particular phenomena Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc 1 1 1 Two different zones 1 2 a class Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Components of the raster model Ø Resolution o the minimum linear dimension of the smallest geographic space for which data is recorded Ø Orientation o the angular difference between the direction north and the columns of the raster Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster data storage Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster data compaction o Run-length encoding § 80. 5 MB down to 17. 7 MB o Block encoding o Chain coding Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster data compaction o Quadtree Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

The vector data model Ø data representation q uses graphical primitives to represent discrete objects q primitives: § points § lines § polygons Ø data storage q not space filling q represented by a series of co-ordinate pairs Ø layers of information q composed of one or a number of vector data components q more complex data storage and analysis methodology Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Vector data components Ø Points q fundamental object in the vector data model Ø Lines q are created by joining points Ø Polygons q sometimes called areas or regions q created from a closed set of lines Ø Identifiers q each object linked to appropriate attribute information via an identifier Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster versus vector Ø Raster q positive o database structures were appealing due to their simplicity (especially with the remote sensing community) o spatial operations quick o uncertainty automatically reflected by cell size q negative o lineal features and outlines often crude o lineal operations more difficult o inaccuracies in parcel outlines o raster approach often sacrifices too much detail o large demand on memory for data storage Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster versus vector Ø Vector q positive o lineal features displayed elegantly o accurate representation for precision graphics o detail easily represented o minimal data storage requirements o links to existing textual databases q negative o computing times for spatial analysis were excessive o early polygon overlay routines subject to errors, were expensive and slow o fine line detail could be misinterpreted for locational precision Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Raster versus vector – the basic issues Ø spatial precision Ø costs of computing Ø mass storage requirements Ø characteristics of phenomena Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Issues - spatial precision Ø Geographic or spatial precision q raster o unclear whether centre or edge of cell is precise location of co-ordinate o locational precision therefore 1/2 cell’s width and height q vector o can be encoded with any conceivable degree of precision (eg. single or double precision) o caution: “know” your source data! o real vector data accuracy may be worse than one line width Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Issues - costs of computing Ø Hardware/software q raster o tend to be lower, running on inexpensive hardware configurations o spatial analysis processes tend to be quicker q vector o more complex geometrical algorithms required for spatial analysis o more expensive software required - development costs higher Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Issues – mass storage Ø Mass storage - hard-disk requirements q raster o simple data structures - one memory location (one or two bytes) per cell o not efficient, although file compression techniques employed by some systems o memory requirements proportional to spatial variability of data q vector o little storage requirements for simple polygons o memory requirements proportional to complexity of objects o dependent upon precision of co-ordinates stored (single or double) o dependent upon how topological data structures are stored o generally less storage than raster Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Issues – characteristics of phenomena Ø Spatial sampling of phenomena q raster § regularly spaced grid § disregards spatial variability q vector § irregular data sample sites can be managed § rapid variation at boundaries § notion of “fuzzy boundaries” Ø Features and objects q raster § cells are independent units not easily linked to complex objects q vector § complex objects can be handled as objects Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Vector versus raster RASTER VECTOR Precision in graphics - ✓ Traditional cartography - ✓ Data volume - ✓ Topology - ✓ Computation ✓ - Update ✓ - Continuous space ✓ - Integration ✓ - Discontinuous - ✓ Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Conclusions Ø Certain operations better handled in raster systems Ø Need for hybrid of both • need for algorithms to convert from raster to vector and vice versa Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

File formats - Overview v General file formats (before the web era) q Raster o TIFF, BMP, RAW q Vector o DXF, HPGL, DGN q Metafile o CGM, WMF, EPS, PDF v Graphics on the web q Standard raster formats (JPG, GIF, PNG) q Graphical plug-ins (SVG, Mr. SID, SWF, . . . ) v Database-driven solutions q GIS q Internet Map Servers q Special solutions on national mapping services Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

General file formats - raster Ø TIFF Ø BMP Ø RAW HOMEWORK!!! Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

General file formats - vector Ø DXF Ø HPGL Ø DGN HOMEWORK!!! Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

General file formats - metafile Ø Ø CGM WMF EPS PDF HOMEWORK!!! Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Web formats - constraints o File size (bandwidth) n n raster / vector pixel dimension amount of colors compression method o Image size (screen) n pixel dimensions o Carefully choose colour space and file format for every type of graphic Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Standard raster formats o GIF o JPG o PNG GIF - 8 Kb. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc JPG - 71 Kb. PNG - 11 Kb. Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

File size vs. resolution 10 x 10 cm image 100 dpi 300 dpi 600 dpi 2400 dpi Bitmap 20 Kb 171 Kb 683 Kb 10. 9 Mb Gray-scale 152 Kb 1. 33 Mb 5. 32 Mb 85. 1 Mb RGB colour 455 Kb 3. 99 Mb 16. 0 Mb 256 Mb CMYK colour 607 Kb 5. 32 Mb 21. 3 Mb 340 Mb Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) o uses indexed color – max. 256 o uses simple RLE (run–length encoding) compression o best for full tints (graphs, maps, drawings) o supports transparency o supports animation (poor man’s video) Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

GIF examples Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) o uses full color o uses flexible, customizable, but “lossy” compression o best for graduated tones (photos), not ideal for homogenous areas Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) o proposed by W 3 C o uses indexed colour – max 256 o supports transparency o lossless compression o compromise between GIF and JPG, slow spread Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Image map Example: http: //lazarus. elte. hu/hun/maps/magas-t/1 tatra. htm Part of a diploma theses in 1998 Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Standard configuration map. gif <img src=“map. gif”> <i>Static</i> map Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Static map Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Other raster (wavelet) formats o o o Mr. SID (Lizard. Tech) ECW (Erdas > Leica) Compression Engines (WIF) Lura. Tech Lura. Wave (LWF) Zoomify* (http: //www. zoomify. com/) Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Wavelet o Wavelet compression is a form of data compression well suited for image compression. The goal is to store image data in as little space as possible in a file. Wavelet compression can be either lossless or lossy. o Using a wavelet transform, the wavelet compression methods are adequate for representing transients, such as percussion sounds in audio, or high-frequency components in twodimensional images, for example an image of stars on a night sky. This means that the transient elements of a data signal can be represented by a smaller amount of information than would be the case if some other transform, such as the more widespread discrete cosine transform, had been used. o Wavelet compression is not good for all kinds of data: transient signal characteristics mean good wavelet compression, while smooth, periodic signals are better compressed by other methods. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Wavelet Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Mr. SID o Encoding n Mr. SID technology uses lossless wavelet compression to create an initial image. Then the encoder divides the image into zoom levels, subbands, subblocks and bitplanes. After the initial encoding, the image creator can apply zero or more optimizations. While 2: 1 compression ratios may be achieved losslessly, higher compression rates are lossy much like JPEG-compressed data. o Decoding n Mr. SID uses selective decoding meaning that the decoder does not have to decode the entire file to view a specific zoom level, image quality or scene for example. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

ECW - Enhanced Compression Wavelet o The format is optimized for aerial and satellite imagery. o Map projection information can be embedded into the ECW file format to support geospatial applications. o Supported by GIS software and image manipulation software (Mapinfo, Arc. GIS, Erdas Imagine, Geomedia, Smallworld, Microstation, Global Mapper, Photoshop). Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Compression Technology Comparison (ECW vs. Mr. SID) Quick comparison ECW v 2. 0 Mr. SID 1. 3 To compress 500 MB images ECW Compress Mr. SID Professional Free $1, 500 To compress unlimited size images ER Mapper 6. 0 $4, 950 Mr. SID Publisher $5, 000 Maximum output compressed image size (Win. NT) Unlimited 2 GB Manufacturer recommendation for RAM needed to 128 MB compress a 3 GB image 512 MB+ Viewer for data distribution Yes, free Yes, royalty payments Compression requires hardware dongle No Yes Compression speed 1 MB/second 0. 45 MB/second Open Decompression SDK library Yes, restricted usage Open Compression SDK library Yes No Internet, Office, GIS and CAD application support Yes Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Other map formats o Vector (hybrid/multimedia) n SVF (Simple Vector Format) n SWF (Flash, Adobe, formerly Macromedia) n SVG (Adobe) n Web. CGM n PDF (Adobe) n VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

SVF – Simple Vector Format SVF was the first vector format designed specifically for the Web, with the initial public specification published in 1994 and presented at the 2 nd World Wide Web Conference. q Compact. q Streamable. An image can be displayed while the file is downloaded. q Notifications can be used to transparently give the user more information when moving around the image. Practically no more development after 1996. At that time it was supported by Archi. CAD and Micro. Station. The printing module was not freely available. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

SWF (Shock. Wave Flash) Future. Wave Software, a small company later acquired by Macromedia, originally defined the file format with one primary objective: to create small files for displaying entertaining animations. The idea was to have a format which could be reused by a player running on any system and which would work with slower network connections. Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005. In 2008 Adobe dropped its licensing restrictions on the SWF format specifications. Originally the format was limited to presenting vector-based objects and images in a simple sequential manner, the format in its later versions allows audio (since Flash 3), video (since Flash 6) and many different possible forms of interaction with the end-user. Once created, SWF files can be played by the Adobe Flash Player, working either as a browser plugin or as a standalone player. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) SVG is a family of specifications of an XML-based file format for describing two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic (i. e. interactive or animated). The SVG specification is an open standard that has been under development by the World Wide Web Consortium (W 3 C) since 1999 (based on Adobe's Post. Script and Microsoft’s Vector Markup Language (VML). SVG images and their behaviours are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted and, if required, compressed. Since they are XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, but specialized SVGbased drawing programs are also available (Inkscape). New browsers have a built-in SVG support (IE support is promising in the version 9). Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Web. CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) q. The original CGM file became standard in 1986. q. Although CGM is not widely supported for web pages and has been supplanted by other formats in the graphic arts, it is still prevalent in engineering, aviation, and other technical applications (including GIS). q. Web. CGM supports the following "intelligent" functions: q Hyperlinking and document navigation q Picture structuring and layering q Search and query on Web. CGM picture content. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

PDF (Portable Document Format) q. This format is the most important device-independent format to share rich content. q. Originally the format was developed only for document exchange (1993). q. In the latest versions forms, 3 D and geo functions are also supported. q. PDFs may be encrypted so that a password is needed to view or edit the contents. PDF files may also contain restrictions that provide further controls that limit copying, editing or printing. q. A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and raster graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are: Ø text stored as such Ø vector graphics for illustrations and designs that consist of shapes and lines Ø raster graphics for photographs and other types of image Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

PDF - Portable Document Format Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Browser plug-ins q. Adobe Flash Player q. Adobe Reader q. Apple Quicktime q. Real. Player q. Java q. Adobe Shockwave q. Microsoft Silverlight q. Adobe SVG q. VRML Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Plug-ins (client-side) PDFREADER map. pdf <img src=“file. pdf”> <i>interactive</ i> map Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc interactive map Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Java applets (client-side) Java Virtual Machine map. class Javaapplet code Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc <applet src = “map. class”> map applet Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Java. Script (client-side) Java Virtual Machine <script > <!-Document. write(“map ”); map //--> </script> Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) application CGIAPPLICATION Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Cgi_map. gif Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Arc. IMS server-plugin (esrimap. dll) Java Virtual Machine mapcafe. class Internet Map Server Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Javaapplet code arcview map Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Map servers q In 2000, there were over 30 different Web mapping software packages or solutions provided by different GIS vendors. q However, different types of mapping tasks require different types of web mapping servers. q To choose the right web mapping products for specific GIS applications is truly a major challenge. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Map servers q ESRI Arc. IMS q Geo. Media Web. Map Professional q Auto. Desk Map. Guide Enterprise q Map. Info Map. Xtreme q GE Small. World Internet Application Server q ER Mapper's Image Web Server Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

ESRI Arc. IMS q The first version was released in 1999. q The key functions: Ø Delivering dynamic maps and data via the Web. Ø Sharing data with others to accomplish tasks. q Arc. IMS metadata services can be used to create a central, online metadata repository that allows you to easily publish and efficiently browse metadata over the Internet. q Multiple map services can be integrated in a single Web application. Supported services include Arc. IMS and Arc. Map image, Arc. GIS Server, Arc. Web. SM Services, and OGC WMS. q The latest version is Arc. IMS 10 Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

ESRI Arc. IMS architecture Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Intergraph Geo. Media Web. Map Professional q Geo. Media Web. Map Professional provides powerful linear referencing and analysis capabilities (including routing and dynamic segmentation Web services). q As a founding and strategic member of the Open GIS Consortium (OGC), Intergraph is a visible force in ongoing OGC initiatives for industry standards. q Geo. Media Web. Map includes other products that assist in building a web application: Ø Publisher – graphical tools for easily creating a web site. Ø Geo. Media – desktop application for viewing and analyzing geospatial data. Ø Location. Server – web service for feature query location and geocoding. Ø Geo. Connect – product for serving spatial metadata over the web. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Auto. Desk Map. Guide Enterprise q Autodesk Map. Guide Enterprise delivers spatial data and analysis over the web, while helping to reduce distribution costs. q There was a demand that Auto. CAD Map 3 D data to be compatible with ESRI Arc. GIS data. Autodesk Map. Guide Enterprise is the ideal solution, since it responded to both criteria, and offered the possibility of sharing information over the intranet. q Supports Googe. Earth and Bing. Map integration. q Map. Guide Open Source is a web-based platform that enables users to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services (OSGeo Foundation). Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Map. Info Map. Xtreme WEB q With applications developed in Map. Xtreme, an organization can visualize and analyze data in order to discover new relationships and trends not apparent using traditional methods. q The Map. Xtreme desktop development option includes numerous map application templates that automatically configure and load the mapping environment for the deployment type chosen. q Complies with both geospatial and IT industry standards insuring interoperability. q. NET platform (Visual Studio. NET Development Environment). Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

GE Small. World Internet Application Server q It is based on establishing Internet standards such as XML, and emerging geographic Internet standards such as WMS and GML. q The Internet Application Server allows users to: Ø Access spatial applications from any Internet-enabled desktop or appliance. Ø Use standard Web servers such as Microsoft IIS, APACHE, and i. Planet. Ø Create client applications in HTML, Java Script or Java. q Efficient communications of remote and back-office teams by adhoc annotations or persistent markup information, e. g. , to ensure a high quality assurance process to update network data. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

ER Mapper's Image Web Server (IWS) q Developed in 1998. q IWS client/server architecture delivers raster images over intranets and the Internet. IWS can serve large images (greater than a terabyte) quickly, even over networks with relatively low bandwidths. q IWS includes Right. Web. Map, which is a client-side solution for the integration of different image services. All IWS versions support and include ECW/JPEG 2000 imagecompression capabilities. q The images can be locked down. q The transmitted image data can be encrypted with industry leading security protocols. Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Special solutions on national mapping services Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

U. S. Geological Survey - USA q Topographic maps and airphotos are freely downloadable in Geo. PDF. q Other maps (geologic, hydrologic, forest, county, hazard) are for sale – value added products). http: //www. usgs. gov/pubprod/ Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Ordnance Survey - UK q Since 2009 OS offers free data (OS Open. Data), but not as an internet service, only simple download and the representation is the users’ task: Ø 1: 250 000 Scale Colour Raster Ø OS Street View (raster) Ø Boundary line (vector) Ø OS Vector maps q Other commercial products can be purchase via the OS’ internet map service. http: //www. ordnancesurvey. co. uk/oswebsite/opendata/ Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Germany q No free services, but every geodata product can be ordered on-line. q There is a central website of services, but federal states manage the larger scale maps and sheets. http: //www. bkg. bund. de/nn_171728/EN/Federal. Office/Products/Geo-Data/Geo__Data__node. html__nnn=true Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Geoportail - France http: //www. geoportail. fr/ The French state Google (SPOT images, topomaps) Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

BEV - Austria Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc http: //www. austrianmap. at/ Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Austria – state mapping agencies Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

www. mapy. cz – Czech Rep. , www. mapy. sk - Slovakia Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

www. mapy. cz – Czech Rep. , www. mapy. sk - Slovakia Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Norway Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc http: //www. ngu. no/en-gb/hm/Maps-and-data/ Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Inspire – European Union The INSPIRE directive lays down a general framework for a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for the purposes of European Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. The INSPIRE Directive entered into force on the 15 th May 2007. INSPIRE is based on the infrastructures for spatial information established and operated by the 27 Member States of the European Union. The Directive addresses 34 spatial data themes needed for environmental applications. To ensure that the spatial data infrastructures of the Member States are compatible and usable in a Community and transboundary context, the INSPIRE Directive requires that additional legislation or common Implementing Rules are adopted for a number of specific areas (Metadata, Interoperability of spatial data sets and services, Network Services, Data and Service Sharing and Monitoring and Reporting). Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

Inspire – European Union http: //www. inspire-geoportal. eu/ Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats

László ZENTAI Eötvös Loránd University Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A 1117 Budapest, HUNGARY Web site: http: //lazarus. elte. hu Zentai-Reyes: Digital cartography Cartography MSc Lesson 1: Raster-vector, file formats