Ralph M Stair George W Reynolds Chapter 4

Ralph M. Stair | George W. Reynolds Chapter 4 Telecommunications and Networks © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Principles and Learning Objectives: Telecommunications System • A telecommunications system has many fundamental components that must be carefully selected and work together effectively to enable people to meet personal and organization objectives – Identify and describe the fundamental components of a telecommunications system – Identify several network types and describe the uses and limitations of each © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2

Principles and Learning Objectives: Processing Alternatives • A telecommunications system has many fundamental components that must be carefully selected and work together effectively to enable people to meet personal and organization objectives – Name three basic processing alternatives for organizations that require two or more computer systems and discuss their fundamental features © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3

Principles and Learning Objectives: Critical Infrastructure • The Internet provides a critical infrastructure for delivering and accessing information and services – Briefly describe how the Internet works, including methods for connecting to it and the role of Internet service providers © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4

Principles and Learning Objectives: The World Wide Web • Originally developed as a documentmanagement system, the World Wide Web has grown to become a primary source of news and information, an indispensable conduit for commerce, and a popular hub for social interaction, entertainment, and communication – Describe the World Wide Web and how it works © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5

Principles and Learning Objectives: Web Content and Access • Originally developed as a documentmanagement system, the World Wide Web has grown to become a primary source of news and information, an indispensable conduit for commerce, and a popular hub for social interaction, entertainment, and communication – Explain the use of markup languages, Web browsers, and Web servers © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6

Principles and Learning Objectives: Web Applications • Originally developed as a documentmanagement system, the World Wide Web has grown to become a primary source of news and information, an indispensable conduit for commerce, and a popular hub for social interaction, entertainment, and communication – Identify and briefly describe the process of creating software applications for the Web © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7

Principles and Learning Objectives: Web Resources • The Internet and Web provide numerous resources for finding information, communicating and collaborating, socializing, conducting business and shopping, and being entertained – List and describe several sources of information on the Web – Describe methods of finding information on the Web © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8

Principles and Learning Objectives: Online Communication and Collaboration • The Internet and Web provide numerous resources for finding information, communicating and collaborating, socializing, conducting business and shopping, and being entertained – List and describe several forms of online communication, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each, in terms of convenience and effectiveness © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9

Principles and Learning Objectives: Web 2. 0 • The Internet and Web provide numerous resources for finding information, communicating and collaborating, socializing, conducting business and shopping, and being entertained – Explain Web 2. 0 and provide examples of Web 2. 0 sites © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10

Principles and Learning Objectives: Web Resources • The Internet and Web provide numerous resources for finding information, communicating and collaborating, socializing, conducting business and shopping, and being entertained – List and describe sources of online media and entertainment – Explain how Web resources are used to support shopping and travel © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11

Principles and Learning Objectives: Internet Utilities • The Internet and Web provide numerous resources for finding information, communicating and collaborating, socializing, conducting business and shopping, and being entertained – Briefly name and describe two useful Internet utilities © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12

Principles and Learning Objectives: Intranets and Extranets • Popular Internet and Web technologies have been applied to business networks in the form of intranets and extranets – Explain how intranets and extranets use Internet and Web technologies, and describe how the two differ © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13

Why Learn About Telecommunications and Networks? • Nearly all career fields utilize the communications capabilities provided by telecommunications and networks including the Internet, intranets, and extranets • To be a successful member of any organization, you must be able to take advantage of the capabilities that communications technologies offer you © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

An Overview of Telecommunications • Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of signals for communications • Telecommunications medium: any material substance that carries an electronic signal to support communications between a sending and receiving device © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15

Elements of a Telecommunications System © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16

Channel Bandwidth • Channel bandwidth: the rate at which data is exchanged, measured in bits/sec • Broadband communications: a relative term; a telecommunications system that can transmit data very quickly © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17

Communications Media • Two broad categories – Wired (guided) transmission media: signals are guided along a solid medium – Wireless: the signal is broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18

Table 4. 1 Guided Transmission Media Types Media Type Description Advantages Disadvantages Twisted-pair wire Twisted pairs of copper wire, shielded or unshielded Used for telephone service; widely available Transmission speed and distance limitations Coaxial cable Inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation Cleaner and faster data trans- mission than twisted-pair wire More expensive than twisted-pair wire Diameter of cable is much smaller than coaxial cable; less distortion of signal; capable of high transmission rates Expensive to purchase and install Fiber-optic cable Many extremely thin strands of glass bound together in a sheathing; uses light beams to transmit signals © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19

Wireless Technologies • Wireless transmission involves the broadcast of communications in one of three frequency ranges – Radio, microwave, or infrared frequencies • In some cases, use of wireless communications is regulated – The signal must be broadcast within a specific frequency range to avoid interference with other wireless transmissions © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20

Table 4. 2 Frequency Ranges Used for Wireless Communications Technology Description Advantages Disadvantages Radio frequency range Operates in the 3 k. Hz– 300 MHz range Supports mobile users; costs are dropping Signal highly susceptible to interception Microwave— terrestrial and satellite frequency range High-frequency radio signal (300 MHz– 300 GHz) sent through atmosphere and space (often involves communications satellites) Signals in the 300 GHz– 400 THz frequency range sent through air as light waves Avoids cost and effort to lay cable or wires; capable of high-speed transmission Must have unobstructed line of sight between sender and receiver; signal highly susceptible to interception Infrared frequency range Allows you to move, remove, and install devices without expensive wiring Must have unobstructed line of sight between sender and receiver; transmission effective only for short distances © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied 21 or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Wireless Communications Options: Near Field Communication and Bluetooth • Near field communication (NFC): a very short-range wireless connectivity technology – Designed for consumer electronics, cell phones, and credit cards • Bluetooth: a wireless communications specification that describes how cell phones, computers, personal digital assistants, etc. , can be interconnected © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Wireless Communications Options: Ultra Wideband Wi-Fi • Ultra wideband (UWB): a short-range communications that employs extremely short electromagnetic pulses lasting 50 to 1, 000 picoseconds – Transmission range: 10 to 50 meters • Wi-Fi: A medium-range wireless telecommunications technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23

Wi-Fi Network © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24

Wireless Communications Options: Microwave Transmission • Microwave is a high-frequency (300 MHz– 300 GHz) signal sent through the air • Common forms of satellite communications: – Geostationary satellite – Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite – Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25

Satellite Transmission © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26

Wireless Communications Options: 4 G and 5 G Wireless Communications • Historical perspective – 1 G (first generation) of wireless communications standards: originated in the 1980 s; based on analog communications – 2 G (second generation) employed fully digital networks; superseded 1 G networks in the early 1990 s – 3 G supports wireless voice and broadband speed data communications in a mobile environment at speeds of 2 to 4 Mbps © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27

Wireless Communications Options: 4 G Wireless Communications • 4 G wireless provides increased data transmission rates – Three to 20 times the speed of 3 G networks for mobile devices • 4 G networks are based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) • LTE is a standard for wireless communications for mobile phones based on packet switching © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28

Wireless Communications Options: Wi. MAX • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi. MAX) – A 4 G alternative – Based on a set of IEEE 802. 16 wireless metropolitan area network standards © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29

Wireless Communications Options: 5 G Wireless Communications • The next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond 4 G • Anticipated in the early 2020 s • Expected characteristics – Higher data transmission rates – Lower power consumption – Higher connect reliability and more coverage – Lower infrastructure costs © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30

Growth in Wireless Data Traffic • The volume of mobile data traffic reached 8: 1 exabytes worldwide in 2012 • Some predict a compound average growth rate of roughly 44 percent over the next five years • Cisco estimates that worldwide wireless data traffic will grow at a higher average rate of 66 percent per year from 2013 to 2017 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31

Networks and Distributed Processing • Computer network: the communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems or devices • Network nodes: the computers and devices on the networks • Organizations can use networks to share hardware, programs, and databases © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32

Network Topology • A diagram that indicates how the communications links and hardware devices of the network are arranged • Three most common network topologies – Star network – Bus network – Mesh network © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33

Network Types • A personal area network (PAN) supports the interconnection of information technology close to one person • A local area network (LAN) connects computer systems and devices within a small area (e. g. , an office or a home) • A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects users and their devices in an area that spans a campus or city © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34

Typical LAN © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35

Network Types: WANs • A wide area network (WAN) connects large geographic regions • WANs consist of: – Computer equipment owned by the user – Data communications equipment and telecommunications links provided by various carriers and service providers • Communications may involve transborder data flow © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36

Basic Processing Alternatives • Centralized processing occurs in a single location or facility • Decentralized processing involves devices placed at various remote locations; the devices do not communicate with one another • Distributed processing uses devices placed at remote locations; devices are connected to each other via a network © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37

Client/Server Systems • Client/server architecture features multiple computer platforms dedicated to special functions, e. g. , database management, printing, or communications • A client is any computer that sends messages requesting services from the servers on the network • A database server sends only the data that meets a specific query—not the entire file © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38

Table 4. 4 Common Telecommunications Device Modem Fax modem Multiplexer PBX Front-end processor Switch Bridge Router Gateway Function Translates data from a digital form (as it is stored in the computer) into an analog signal that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines. Facsimile devices, commonly called fax devices, allow businesses to transmit text, graphs, photographs, and other digital files via standard telephone lines. A fax modem is a very popular device that combines a fax with a modem, giving users a powerful communications tool. Allows several telecommunications signals to be transmitted over a single communications medium at the same time, thus saving expensive long-distance communications costs. A communications system that manages both voice and data transfer within a building and to outside lines. In a PBX system, switching PBXs can be used to connect hundreds of internal phone lines to a few phone company lines. Special-purpose computer that manages communications to and from a computer system serving many people. Uses the physical device address in each incoming message on the network to determine which output port it should forward the message to reach another device on the same network Connects one LAN to another LAN that uses the same telecommunications protocol. Forwards data packets across two or more distinct networks toward their destinations through a process known as routing. Often an Internet service provider (ISP) installs a router in a subscriber’s home that connects the ISP’s network to the network within the home. © 2016 Cengage. Allan Rights Reserved. not benetwork. scanned, copied A network device that Learning serves®as entrance to May another or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Telecommunications Software • Network operating system (NOS): systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network • Network management software: – Protects software from being copied, modified, or downloaded illegally – Locates telecommunications errors and potential network problems © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40

Software Defined Networking (SDN) • An emerging approach to networking • Allows network administrators to have programmable central control of the network via a controller without requiring physical access to all the network devices © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41

Use and Functioning of the Internet • The Internet is international scope with users on every continent • Internet sites have a profound impact on world politics • Internet censorship – Some countries try to control Internet content and services © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42

Internet Growth: Number of Internet Hosts © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43

Distribution of Internet Users © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44

Use and Functioning of the Internet (cont’d. ) • ARPANET – Ancestor of the Internet – Project started by the U. S. Department of Defense (Do. D) in 1969 • Internet Protocol (IP) enables computers to route communications traffic from one network to another • Internet 2 is a faster alternative Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45

How the Internet Works • Backbone: one of the Internet’s highspeed, long-distance communications links • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): the widely used transport layer protocol that most Internet applications use with IP • IP address: a 64 -bit number that identifies a computer on the Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46

Routing Messages Over the Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47

How the Internet Works (cont’d. ) • Uniform Resource Locator (URL): a Web address that specifies the exact location of a Web page using letters and words that map to an IP address and a host location • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for managing IP addresses and Internet domain names © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48

Table 4. 5 U. S. Top-Level Domain Affiliations Affiliation ID Affiliation Number of Hosts com Business sites 112, 259, 193 edu Post-secondary educational sites 7, 500 gov Government sites 2, 174 net Networking sites 15, 221, 763 org Nonprofit organization sites 10, 395, 604 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49

Several Ways to Access the Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cloud Computing • A computing environment in which software and storage are provided as an Internet service and accessed with a Web browser • Advantages to businesses – Businesses can save on system design, installation, and maintenance © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51

Cloud Computing (cont’d. ) • Methods of deployment – Public cloud: service providers offer their cloud-based services to the general public – Private cloud: cloud technology is used within the confines of a private network © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52

The World Wide Web • Developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN • Originally conceived of as an internal document-management system • The Web has grown to become: – A primary source of news and information – An indispensable conduit for commerce – A popular hub for social interaction, entertainment, and communication © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53

How the Web Works • The Internet – The infrastructure on which the Web exists – Made up of computers, network hardware such as routers and fiber-optic cables, software, and the TCP/IP protocols © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54

How the Web Works: Information and Services • Web components combining to deliver information and services over the Internet – Server and client software – The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) – Standards – Mark-up languages © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 55

How the Web Works: A Hyperlink-Based System • Hyperlink: highlighted text or graphics in a Web document that, when clicked, opens a new Web page • Web browser: Web client software used to view Web pages – Examples: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, and Safari © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56

How the Web Works: Web Sites and Web Pages • Web site: a collection of pages on one particular topic, accessed under one Web domain • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the standard page description language for Web pages • HTML tags tell the Web browser how to format text and elements to be inserted © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57

How the Web Works: Web Sites and Web Pages (cont’d. ) • Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): a markup language that defines the visual appearance of content in a Web page • Extensible Markup Language (XML): a markup language designed to transport and store data on the Web © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 58

Web Programming Languages • Java – An object-oriented programming language from Sun Microsystems based on C++ – Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded within an HTML document © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59

Web Services • Standards and tools that streamline and simplify communication among Web sites • XML – The key to Web services – Used within a Web page to describe and transfer data between Web service applications © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60

Developing Web Content and Applications • Popular tools for creating Web pages and managing Web sites • Adobe Dreamweaver CC, Rapid. Weaver 5, Microsoft Expression Web, and Nvu • Mashup: two or more Web applications combined into a new service © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 61

Internet and Web Applications • • • Web 2. 0 and the social Web Online information sources Search engines and Web research Web portals Blogging and podcasting Online media and entertainment © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 62

Internet and Web Applications (cont’d. ) • Shopping online • Travel, geolocation, and navigation • Internet utilities © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 63

Web 2. 0 and the Social Web • Web 2. 0: the Web as a computing platform that supports software applications and the sharing of information among users • Social networking Web sites enable users to share information abut themselves and to find, meet, and converse with others • Rich Internet applications are available that run in a Web browser and do not require local installation © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 64

Online Information Sources • News – The Web is a powerful tool for keeping informed about local, state, national, and global news • Education and training – Web is ideally suited as a tool for sharing information and a primary repository of information on all subjects – Distance education offers classes via the Web © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 65

Online Information Sources: Business and Job Information • Providing information about a businesses and its products via Web site and social media increases the company’s exposure and reputation • The Web is an excellent source of jobrelated information – Examples: www. linkedin. com, www. monster. com, www. hotjobs. com, and www. careerbuilder. com © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66

Search Engines and Web Research • Search engine – Information on the Web is found by specifying keywords – The market is dominated by Google – Spiders are automated programs that scour the Web • Wikipedia: – Is an online encyclopedia – Entries can be inaccurate and biased © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 67

Table 4. 6 Using Operators in Google Web Searches Keywords and Operator Entered vacation Hawaii Search Engine Interpretation The words “vacation” and “Hawaii” Maui OR Hawaii Either the word “Maui” or the word “Hawaii” “To each his own” The exact phrase “To each his own” virus -computer The word virus, but not the word computer Star Wars Episode +I ~auto loan The movie title “Star Wars Episode, ” including the Roman numeral I Loan information for both the word “auto” and its synonyms, such as “truck” and “car” define: computer Definitions of the word “computer” from around the Web red * blue The words “red” and “blue” separated by one or more words © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 68

Web Portals • Web portal: a Web page that combines useful information and links and acts as an entry point to the Web • Vertical portals are pages that provide information and links for special-interest groups • Corporate portals provide access to workrelated resources © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 69

Web Portals: Communication and Collaboration • Email • Instant messaging • Microblogging, status updates, and news feeds – Twitter is a Web application that allows members to report on what they are doing throughout the day © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 70

Communication and Collaboration (cont’d. ) • Conferencing – The Internet has made it possible for those involved in teleconferences to share computer desktops – Go. To. Meeting enables employees to attend training without leaving their assigned stations – Telepresence systems use high-resolution video and audio with high-definition displays • Apple i. Chat and Skype allow video chats © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 71

Blogging and Podcasting • Web log (blog): a Web site that people can create and use to write about their observations, experiences, and opinions on a wide range of topics • Video log (vlog): blogging with video content • Podcast: an audio broadcast over the Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 72

Online Media and Entertainment • Content streaming: a method of transferring large media files over the Internet – The data stream of voice and pictures plays continuously as the file is being downloaded © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 73

Online Media and Entertainment: Music • The Internet and the Web have made music more accessible than ever – Artists distribute their songs through online radio, subscription services, and download services • Downloaded music may employ Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology to limit the user’s ability to make copies © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 74

Online Media and Entertainment: Movies, Video, and Television • Hulu Web site and Internet-based television platforms (e. g. , Netflix and Joost) provide television programming • Vudu provides access to online movies • You. Tube supports the online sharing of user-created videos © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 75

Online Media and Entertainment: E-Books and Audio Books • An e-book is a book stored digitally • Apple’s i. Pad changed the e. Book industry by providing a form factor that is similar to but larger than the Kindle • There are dozens of e. Book formats; some are proprietary • Audio books have become more popular due to the popularity of i. Pods and i. Phones © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 76

Online Games and Entertainment • Video games are expected to generate over $100 billion annually by 2017 • The market for Internet gaming is very competitive and constantly changing • Many video games are available online • Game consoles such as the Wii, Xbox, and Play. Station provide multiplayer options for online gaming © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 77

Shopping Online • Shopping on the Web can be convenient, easy, and cost effective • E-tail stores: – Are online versions of retail stores – Provide access to many products that may be unavailable in local stores © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 78

Shopping Online (cont’d. ) • Online clearinghouses, Web auctions, and marketplaces provide a platform for businesses and individuals to sell their products and belongings • www. e. Bay. com is the most popular online auction or marketplace • Businesses benefit from shopping online © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 79

Travel, Geolocation, and Navigation • The Web has had a profound effect on the travel industry and the way people plan and prepare for trips • Mapping and geolocation tools – Map. Quest – Google Maps – Bing Maps © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 80

Travel, Geolocation, and Navigation (cont’d. ) • Geographic information systems (GIS) provide geographic information layered over a map • Geo-tagging is possible on Twitter and Facebook • Geolocation information poses a risk to privacy and security © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 81

Internet Utilities • Telnet: a network protocol that enables users to log on to networks remotely over the Internet • Secure shell (SSH) provides Telnet functionality through a more secure connection • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) supports file transfers between a host and a remote computer © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 82

Intranets and Extranets • Intranet: an internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and technologies • Extranet: a network based on Web technologies that links selected resources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 83

Table 4. 7 Summary of Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Users Type Users Need User ID and Password? Internet Anyone No Intranet Employees and managers Yes Extranet Business partners Yes © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 84

Intranets and Extranets (cont’d. ) • Virtual private network (VPN): a secure connection between two points on the Internet • Tunneling: the process by which VPNs transfer information by encapsulating traffic in IP packets over the Internet © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 85

Summary – Principle 1 • Telecommunications refers to the electronic transmission of signals for communications, including telephone, radio, and television • The elements of a telecommunications system include the sending and receiving devices, modems, the transmission media, and the message © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 86

Summary – Principle 1 (cont’d. ) • Telecommunications media can be divided into two broad categories: guided transmission media and wireless media • Network topology indicates how the communications links and hardware devices of the network are arranged • Types of networks based on physical distance between nodes are PAN, LAN, MAN, or WAN © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 87

Summary – Principle 2 • The Internet has users on every continent • People can connect to the Internet backbone in several ways • Cloud computing refers to a computing environment where software and storage are provided as an Internet service and accessed with a Web browser © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 88

Summary – Principle 3 • The Web is a collection of tens of millions of servers that work together as one in an Internet service providing information via hyperlink technology to billions of users worldwide • Web pages are accessed and viewed using a Web browser, e. g. , Firefox • The Web is becoming a computing platform in and of itself © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 89

Summary – Principle 4 • The Web has become the most popular medium for distributing and accessing information • A search engine is a valuable tool that enables you to find information on the Web by specifying keywords • A Web portal is a Web page that combines useful information and links and acts as an entry point to the Web © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 90

Summary – Principle 5 • An intranet is an internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and products • An extranet is a network that links selected resources of the intranet of a company with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners © 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 91