Ralph Leighton ralph leightoncanterbury ac uk 1954 lowest

Ralph Leighton ralph. leighton@canterbury. ac. uk

§ 1954 – lowest life expectancy in UK (still true 2015) § 1951 Population 1, 089, 000 – second biggest in the UK (2011 - 578, 000) § 1961 – 11, 000 homes unfit for habitation. § 1960 s – razor gangs/Sectarian violence § 1971 – Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in § 1975 – Britain’s first mass-circulation daily paper to be produced by a workers’ cooperative

§ Keir Hardy, John Mac. Lean, Willie Gallagher, Mary Barbour § Tanks in George Square § In 1900, 431 babies died for every 1000 live births. § in 1922 Glaswegian families consumed virtually no milk and no fruit. § In 1945 cases of tuberculosis reached 7316 cases per 100, 000 people. § In 1900 male life expectancy 45 51, female 49. 55 § By 1950, 64 66 68 71 § By 2000 69 76 72 81 § [the numbers in purple represent the national figure]

§Working in a warehouse §Selling carpets §FE College

§Opportunity §Route to personal space §Social responsibility §Opening of my mind §Challenge myself §Redress inequalities

Liberal – Citizenship is a status; individuals take up political activities by volition; in UK, ‘Conservative’ Communitarian –belonging to a community; working with others for the common good; Etzioni Civic Republican – Citizenship is a practice; political systems creates civic identity; reciprocal relationship between state and individual; Peterson Social Justice - citizenship is an activity; scrutiny of and participation in processes and decision making ensures such shaping is for the common good. Faulks Character – citizenship is about showing grit and determination, behaving well for the common good. Arthur

§The model into which we most closely fit is likely to determine our approach to teaching and learning in Citizenship education ‘Character formation’ [the ‘good’ citizen] versus ‘Strategies for change’ [the ‘active’ citizen]

§ 1988 Education Act – Clause Two, Paragraph One; § Education for Citizenship a cross-curricular theme (Curriculum Guidance 8); § Encouraging Citizenship (1990) – Commission on Citizenship.

‘We aim at no less than a change in the political culture of this country both nationally and locally: for people to think of themselves as active citizens, willing, able and equipped to have an influence in public life …’ (p 7) Really?

§Political Apathy? §Evidence? §Moral Apathy? §Examples? §Better Human Beings? §Than whom?

Education for Citizenship included: §Community Involvement; §Social and Moral Responsibility; §Political Literacy.

effective teaching ‘engages with valued forms of knowledge’ and also ‘equips learners for life in its broadest sense Citizenship is of enormous importance in a contemporary and future-oriented education. However, we are not persuaded that study of the issues and topics included in citizenship education constitutes a distinct ‘subject’ as such.

‘the introduction of a subject aimed at democratic citizenship has merely highlighted gaps between the stated aims and practices of this area and the rest of what happens in schooling’ (Harber 2009, pp. 89/90)

§…as a discrete subject; §…as alongside PSHE; §…as a cross-curricular subject/theme; §…through Assemblies/Form Time; §…through whole-school days; §…through extra-curricular activities; §…ignoring.

§As volunteerism §Army of un(der)employed §Looks good on a CV §Enemy of the state §Lady/Lord Bountiful §Creates problems – such as?

1. Commitment the decision to teach citizenship is a conscious choice 2. Conversion experienced teachers of other subjects who feel that the separate and explicit teaching of Citizenship is crucial 3. Convenience those who see Citizenship PGCE as a route into teaching their degree subjects (e. g. sociology) 4. Co-existence support discrete Citizenship lessons, ensure the inclusion of the Citizenship curriculum in their own subject teaching 5. Colonisation influenced by a desire to protect an area of responsibility or interest e. g. sex education, first aid, road safety. 6. Compliance the subject is there so they might as well do what they can 7. Conflict Teachers actively opposed to the teaching of citizenship – whether by themselves or by anyone else 8. Cynicism Originally committed, some specialist teachers of citizenship lose heart in the face of perceived never-ending negativity

The teaching of citizenship education as a radical and subversive subject can and will change the world. Something has to. Leighton (2012, p 15)

Advisory Group on Citizenship (1998) Education for Citizenship and the teaching of Democracy in Schools: Final Report of the Advisory Group on Citizenship London: QCA. Althusser, L. (1970) ‘Ideology and State Apparatuses [notes towards an investigation]’ in Szeman and Kaposy (eds) (2010) Cultural Theory: An Anthology London: Wiley pp 204222 Annette, J. (2005) ‘Character, Civic Renewal And Service Learning For Democratic Citizenship In Higher Education’ British Journal of Educational Studies 53: 3, pp 326 -340 Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. (1976) Schooling in Capitalist America. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Etzioni, A. (ed) (1998) The Essential Communitarian Reader Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Expert Panel Report on the National Curriculum Review (2011) https: //www. education. gov. uk/publications/standard/publication. Detail/Page 1/DFE-001352011 Faulks, K. (2006) ‘Rethinking citizenship education in England: Some lessons from contemporary social and political theory’ Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 1: 2 pp 123 -140 Freire, P (1970) Pedagogy of the Oppressed New York: Herder & Herder

Gilborn, D. (2006) ‘Citizenship education as placebo: ‘standards’, institutional racism and education policy’ Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 1: 1 pp 83 -104 Harber, C. (2009) Toxic Schooling: How Schools Became Worse Nottingham: Educational Heretics Press Illich, I. (1971) Deschooling Society Middlesex: Penguin Jansena, T. , Chioncela, N. and Dekkersa, H. (2006) ‘Social cohesion and integration: learning active citizenship’ British Journal of Sociology of Education 27: 2 pp 189 -205 Lehman, S. (1999) The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive London: Virgin. Leighton, R. (2012) Teaching Citizenship Education: A Radical Approach London: Continuum Peterson, A. and Knowles, K. (2009) ‘Active citizenship: a preliminary study into student teacher understandings’ Educational Research 51: 1 pp 39 -59 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2007) The National Curriculum for England Nottingham: QCA Rudduck, J. (1991) Innovation and Change Buckingham: Open University Press. Sellar, W. C. and Yeatman, R. J. (1976) And Now All This London: Magnum.