Railway Group HighSpeed Rail in Scandinavia What are

Railway Group High-Speed Rail in Scandinavia - What are the alternatives? KTH Railway Group Bo-Lennart Nelldal, Ph D Professor 2013 -04 -10 KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

KTH Railway Group - System approach Railway Group Revenue Security Competition/ Cooperation Profitability Efficient train system Capacity Cost KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 2

k th rou gh riv a t ca r xpan tr ac sion ew ks Air e N d an sis 2 gy c ri sis 1 of p Ener Bre a Ener ate Clim ns ai tr cris is ? ery Re cov Quality crises

High Speed in Norway Oslo-Trondheim 553 km travel time: 6: 38 Average speed 80 km/h Old line single track Mixed operation High Speed in Sweden Stockholm-Malmö 600 km travel time: 4: 25 Average speed 135 km/h Upgraded line double track Mixed operation Real High Speed in France: KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik Paris-Marseille 780 km travel time: 3: 05 Average speed 250 km/h Newbuilt line double track 2007 -09 -19 4 line Dedicated high speed

Railway Group When is Real High-Speed Lines possible in Scandinavia? • There should be a major endpoint market with long-distance travel • There should be significant intermediate markets along the route • There should be a high demand for freight transport for getting benefits of separating freight and fast passenger trains KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Freight transport flows in Sweden blue=truck red=rail lilac=shipping Passenger transport Long distance travels >100 km With all modes assigned on the road network

Ortsstorlek Stockholm>1 miljinvånare Railway Group Göteborg 0, 5 -1, 0 milj inv. Malmö 250 -500 tusen inv. Uppsala 100 -250 tusen inv. Gävle 50 -100 tusen inv. Luleå Uleåborg Skellefteå Umeå Trondheim Östersund Örnsköldsvik Sundsvall Big freight flows Tammerfors Bergen Falun Borlänge Gävle Åbo Uppsala Ka rls tad Oslo Västerås Örebro Eskilstuna ss Mo Stavanger Skövde Bo Göteborg Jönköping Varberg Riga Årh us Ålborg Tallinn Norrköping Linköping rås Trollhättan Stockholm S: t Petersburg Helsingfors Halmstad Helsingborg Köpenhamn Odense Lund Malmö Målstandard Blandtrafik 250 km/h Kiev Blandtrafik 200 km/h Bremen Hamburg Annan viktig linje KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Ortsstorlek Stockholm>1 miljinvånare Railway Group Göteborg 0, 5 -1, 0 milj inv. Malmö 250 -500 tusen inv. Uppsala 100 -250 tusen inv. Gävle 50 -100 tusen inv. Luleå Uleåborg Skellefteå Umeå Trondheim Östersund Örnsköldsvik Sundsvall Big passenger flows Tammerfors Bergen Falun Borlänge Gävle Åbo Uppsala tad Oslo Ka rls Skövd Västerås e Örebro ss Eskilstuna Mo Stavanger Bo Göteborg Jönköping Varberg Riga Årh us Ålborg Tallinn Norrköping Linköping rås Trollhättan Stockholm S: t Petersburg Helsingfors Halmstad Helsingborg Köpenhamn Odense Lund Malmö/Copenhagen Målstandard Blandtrafik 250 km/h Kiev Blandtrafik 200 km/h Bremen Hamburg Annan viktig linje KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Ortsstorlek Stockholm>1 miljinvånare Railway Group Göteborg 0, 5 -1, 0 milj inv. Malmö 250 -500 tusen inv. Uppsala 100 -250 tusen inv. Gävle 50 -100 tusen inv. Luleå Uleåborg Skellefteå Umeå Östersund Örnsköldsvik Sundsvall Tammerfors Bergen Falun Borlänge Gävle Åbo Uppsala tad Oslo Ka rls Skövd Västerås e Örebro Eskilstuna ss Stavanger Mo Göteborg Tallinn Jönköping Varberg Riga Årh us Ålborg Stockholm S: t Petersburg Helsingfors Norrköping Linköping rås Trollhättan Bo Big freight flows + Big passenger flows = Traffic separation is necessary Trondheim Halmstad Helsingborg Köpenhamn Odense Lund Malmö/Copenhagen Målstandard Blandtrafik 250 km/h Kiev Blandtrafik 200 km/h Bremen Hamburg Annan viktig linje KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group Strategic Corridors Umeå Trondheim Sundsvall Bergen Oslo Stockholm Stavanger Kristiansand Gothenburg Aarhus Copenhagen/Malmö Odense Hamburg KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 10 Berlin

Railway Group Customer requirements for passenger transport • 3 hrs travel time: Daily business travel possible and a good alternative to air from city to city • 2 hrs travel time: Train substitute air transport and is also competetive for transfer to airports • 1 hr travel time: Daily commuting possible, induces new travel and have impacts on localisation KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

International transports 2011 Railway Group – between Sweden and the continent of western Europe 1 truck every 15 seconds 1 freight train every 40 minutes Both directions incuded 1 EU-truck average load 15 tons 1 freight train avrege load 600 tons 1 freight train = 40 trucks KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group Customer requierments for freight transport • On time performance and on line information • Appropriate transport time i. e. production on daytime and transport overnight 18: 00 -6: 00 • Low cost: Lower than truck • High capacity: Loading gauge, axle load, train length and train weight KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Capacity with mixed and separated traffic Capacity with only freight trains Railway Group Capacity with mixed traffic Consumes capacity Capacity with only high speed trains KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 16 2010 -05 -18

High-Speed Trains have good punctuality - because they have their own track Railway Group High Speed Train Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka • 11 trains per hour and direction with regular overtakings • Average delay was only 42 seconds at 2005 • Includes typhoons and blizzards! KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 17 2010 -05 -18

Operating speed today and design speed for HSL Railway Group Speed in km/h Conventional lines with mixed traffic New high speed lines Max speed today Planning for max Possible speed Operating speed Mixed traffic Norway 210 330 Possible Sweden 200 250 320 No Denmark 180 250 (300? ) 200 Possible Germany 230 330 300 Some lines France 200 360 320 No KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Norwegian state High Speed Investigation Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines Trondheim 2: 11 6: 38 Bergen 2: 06 6: 41 Oslo 2: 47 6: 05 3: 02 Stavanger 6: 38 Stockholm 2: 10 4: 27 1: 40 Kristiansand. Gothenburg 3: 55 4: 00 Copenhagen/Malmö 8: 12 5: 30 Hamburg 13: 00 19 With High Speed Lines Travel time h: min with fastest train to/from Oslo Today (2011) 2: 45 6: 38 Berlin

Norwegian state High Speed Investigation Only High Speed Trains Railway Group Freight trains on old lines Norsk Bane AS High Speed Investigation Both High Speed Trains, Inter. City and Freight trains Trondheim 2: 30 2: 11 6: 38 Ålesund 2: 30 6: 38 Bergen 2: 06 6: 41 Bergen 2: 25 6: 41 Oslo 2: 47 6: 05 3: 02 Stavanger 6: 38 Stockholm 2: 10 4: 27 Oslo 2: 47 6: 05 2: 25 Stavanger 6: 38 1: 55 4: 27 1: 40 Kristiansand. Gothenburg 3: 55 1: 45 Kristiansand. Gothenburg 3: 55 4: 00 4: 05 Copenhagen/Malmö 8: 12 With High Speed Lines Travel time h: min 5: 30 5: 35 with fastest train Hamburg 13: 00 to/from Oslo KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 20 20 Berlin Today (2011) Berlin 2: 45 6: 38 Stockholm

Railway Group Swedish State investigation and Europe Corridor Stockholm Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines Gothenburg Malmö 2: 00 1: 20 Jönköping 2: 25 Copenhagen 2: 55 4: 40 Hamburg 5: 30 Berlin KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group Swedish State investigation and Europe Corridor Malmö 2: 00 2: 25 Copenhagen 2: 55 4: 40 Hamburg 5: 30 Berlin Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines Stockholm Only High Speed Trains Freight trains on old lines Gothenburg COINCO 1: 20 Jönköping 3: 20 Gothenburg Malmö 2: 00 Stockholm Oslo 1: 20 3: 20 Copenhagen 3: 50 5: 35 Hamburg 6: 25 Berlin KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden Jönköping

The missing link in COINCO Railway Group 3: 20 Gothenburg 2: 00 4: 05 Copenhagen 4: 35 Hamburg 1: 20 Jönköping 3: 20 Gothenburg Stockholm Oslo 2: 00 1: 20 New link for approx 80? Mdr SEK Double track for 200 -250 km/h ready 2021 Malmö Stockholm Oslo Berlin Malmö 3: 20 2: 25 Copenhagen 3: 50 2: 55 Hamburg Berlin KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden Jönköping New link for Approx 40 Mdr SEK

Railway Group KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 24 2010 -05 -18

Planning in Denmark and Germany Railway Group KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 25 5/22/2021

Denmark Railway Group Mixed operation - sometimes with alternative routes Planed and decided completed 2021 • Köpenhamn-Köge-Ringsted new double track 250 km/h with ETCS • Ringsted-Rödby upgraded line 200 km/h • Storströmsbron new double track bridge 200 km/h • Rödby-Puttgarden new double track tunnel, 200 km/h KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Germany Railway Group Mixed operation Planed and decided completed to 2021 • Puttgarden-Lübeck partly single track electrified, 160 km/h • Fehmarnsund single track bridge (regional project double track) • Lübeck-Hamburg four track Hamburg-Bargteheide 160 km/h KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Denmark - Germany Railway Group Mostly mixed operation Planed and decided completed 2021 • • Double track 200 -250 km/h Some alternative routes for freight Loading gauge G 1 axle load 25 tons Planed and decided completed 2021 • • • Partly single, double, four track 160 km/h Mixed operation Regional plans for higher standard No state plans for higher standard KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Railway Group Vision for future High Speed Rail in Scandinavia New high speed links double track for 250 -350 km/h Conventional lines with upgraded track for 200 -250 km/h Trondheim Bergen Oslo Stockholm Stavanger Kristiansand Gothenburg Copenhagen/Malmö Hamburg KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden 29 Berlin

Railway Group Vision for Green Freight Corridors in Europe Prioritized Railway network • High Capacity • Deregulated • Non bueraucratic • Competitive track fees • Long trains • High and wide loading gauge • Interoperability • Intermodality KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway 30 development in Sweden

The Øresund and Fehmarnbelt Links - Setting a new standard for freight Railway Group Øresund Link Network statment 2014 Fehmarnbelt planned Speed 200 km/h (passenger) √ Train Length 1000 m √ Wagon mass 4000 tons √ Loading gauge SE-C (3, 60 x 4, 83) √ Intermodal gauge P/C 450 (2, 60 x 4, 83) √ Meter load 8, 3 tons/m √ Axle load 25 tons √ Distant signals 2500 m 1800 m Gradient WB <12, 4‰ (bridge), <15, 4‰ (tunnel) EB <15, 6‰ (bridge), <15, 4‰ (tunnel) <12, 5‰ Source: Hans Boysen, KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden

Decision taken • To build Ostlänken Stockholm-Linköping and Gothenburg. Landvetter for 250 -320 km/h dedicated lines as a first step of a real high speed lines in Sweden • To build double track from Öxnered-Gothenburg-MalmöCopenhagen for 200 -250 km/h mixed traffic • To build double track from Copenhagen-Puttgarden for 200250 km/h mostly mixed traffic • To build double track for 200 -250 km/h Oslo-Halden mixed traffic t. b. d? • To apply Öresund standard for freight on Rödby-Puttgarden KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik 32

What is missing? • A strategic plan for high speed passenger transport from Scandinavia to northern Germany • A strategic plan for high capacity freight transport from Scandinavia to northern Germany • A common standard for speed on upgraded and new built lines in Scandinavia • A best practice standard for loading gauge and axle load for freight on upgraded and new built lines • A plan for financing and build the missing links as fast as possible KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik 33

What can we achieve? • Very short travelling times and increase the availiability for people and business • Better capacity for freight and regional trains on the conventional tracks • Better climate and enviroment because people go by train instead of plane and car and more freight will go by rail • Replace airplanes on distances up to 600 kilometres and cooperate with planes for feeder transports • A sustainable society KTH Järnvägsgruppen • Centrum för forskning och utbildning i järnvägsteknik 34

Railway Group Thank You! Home page: www. railwaygroup. kth. se bo-lennart. nelldal@abe. kth. se KTH Railway Group • Center for research and education in Railway technology - Railway development in Sweden