Radical Phase 1792 Jacobins radicals Take Over The

Radical Phase ■ 1792 - Jacobins (radicals) Take Over The Legislative Assembly ■ Radicals want to change the government and eliminate the monarchy ■ They called for the creation of a new legislative body that will be called the National Convention ■ They want to create a Republic

French Revolution during the National Convention ■ Granted suffrage to all males ■ France = A Republic (people elect rulers) – No more Monarchy! – A new constitution needed – Louis XVI tried for treason – Convicted/Sentenced to death – Marie Antoinette put to death – Louis XVII died in prison

National Convention Created Committee of Public Safety ■ To protect the Republic from foreign and domestic threats – Great Britain, Holland Spain joined Austria and Prussia against French troops – Domestic threats like peasants and clergy ■ 12 Member Committee ■ Led by Robespierre—a Jacobin

Maximillian Robespierre – Started the REIGN OF TERROR – Attempt by the Jacobins to crush all opposition and enemies of the Republic – July 1793 -July 1794; during Robepierre’s rule ■ 3, 000 in Paris, 40, 000 total, 85% peasants

National Convention Turned Against the Committee ■ July 1794—members of the National Convention knew they were not safe from Robespierre, so they turned on him—demanded “Down with the tyrant!” ■ Robespierre Executed

Third Stage: Return to Moderation ■ What is most remembered about the Republic? – Death and the Reign of Terror – People now feared the Republic ■ A return to Moderation occurred, but they aren’t ready for a monarchy to be re-established ■ A new constitution written ■ Established the Directory—(executive council) – 5 Men in Power – 2 house Legislature, but elected only by male property owners

Directory ■ 3 rd government since 1789 ■ Weak ■ Dictatorial ■ Faced Growing Discontent ■ Only accomplishment was their appointment of Napoleon to command the troops

People Turned To A Military Hero ■ Napoleon Bonaparte ■ Overthrew the Directory—coup d’etat in 1799 ■ Established the Consulate – 3 Man Governing Body – Wrote a new constitution – (actually a dictatorship)

Napoleon ■ 1802 - European countries signed peace agreements with Francefinally at peace- 1 st time in 10 years ■ As part of the supposed free republic, he offered PLEBISCITES (vote of the people) – They voted on the new constitution giving all power to Napoleon/dictatorship

Napoleon’s Success at Home ■ Successful reforms made him popular – Efficient tax collection – National bank – Lycees- public schools for male students who would eventually become public officials – Concordat- agreement with the Pope; restored the church’s influence in French society- made peasants happy – Napoleonic Code- law and order, but limited individual freedoms like free speech and restored slavery in colonies

Napoleon becomes Emperor ■ 1804 - crowned himself Emperor

Napoleon Abroad ■ Plan to dominate Europe—Continental System—(Napoleon’s first mistake) ■ 1803 - sold off Louisiana Territory to get funds for his plan ■ One of the main threats was Britain – U. S. had to pick a side- chose France which led to War of 1812 U. S. vs. Britain – Napoleon’s only loss was the Battle of Trafalgar – He set up a blockade to prevent Britain from trading and communicating with other European countries

Continental System cont… – Many rulers across Europe will resent Napoleon – Strong resistance from Spain during the Peninsular Campaign— they used Guerilla-warfare against the French – Peninsular War: Portugal ignoring Continental System; Napoleon sent army through Spain to invade Portugal – Spanish towns protested, Napoleon threw out king and put his brother on the throne – Guerilla fighters sent to ambush the French—lasted 5 years – Napoleon lost 300, 000 men! – (Second Mistake!!!)

Invasion of Russia—(third mistake) ■ Breakdown in alliance with Russia; two countries had been allies, but distrusted each other over ambitions with Poland ■ Napoleon decided to invade Russia ■ Problem: Grand Army=men from all over Europe with little loyalty to Napoleon invaded Russia – SEE PAGE 236 ■ Russians used scorched-earth policy as they retreated further into Russia ■ Napoleon over-extended his supply lines ■ Extremely harsh Russian winter

Battle of Borodino ■ Major battle in the Russian campaign ■ Alexander I retreated ■ Napoleon took Moscow, but it was already burning ■ Napoleon waited for peace offering, but the Russians allowed winter to set in. Napoleon suffered 30, 000 casualties

Napoleon’s Downfall ■ Fourth Coalition: British, Russia, Prussia and Sweden joined to fight Napoleon ■ Austria joined (Napoleon’s wife’s country) ■ Battle of Leipzig: tore Napoleon’s new army up! ■ Paris taken—March 1814 by Russian czar and Prussian king ■ Surrendered: April 1814 ■ Napoleon exiled to Elba—Mediterranean Island ■ Louis XVIII (brother to Louis XVI) placed on throne

Napoleon Returns! ■ New king unpopular which inspired Napoleon ■ Fear of a return to the Old Regime rekindled loyalty to Napoleon ■ Louis XVIII fled ■ Napoleon battled against foreign enemies in Waterloo, Belgium 1815 – Napoleon defeated – He abdicated again – Exiled again—to St. Helena (South Atlantic island) – Died in 1821

Napoleon’s legacy ■ Napoleonic Code ■ Constitution ■ Elections, but with limited suffrage ■ More property ownership ■ More access to education ■ Spread ideas of the revolution- LIBERALISM ■ Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination ■ Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of NATIONALISM- this will promote nation building (Italy, Germany, end of HRE)

European Peace—Congress of Vienna 1814 ■ Chief Goal: to create lasting peace by establishing a balance of power ■ 8 months long ■ 5 “great powers” – King Frederick William III of Prussia – Czar Alexander I of Russia – Emperor Francis I of Austria – British foreign minister – French foreign minister

Prince Klemens von Metternich ■ Foreign minister of Austria ■ 3 goals to maintain a balance of power and stability: – Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong armies=containment (p 240) ■ Created the German Confederation (red line on map) – Created the Concert of Europe—peacekeeping organization (kept peace in Europe until WWI 1914) – Restore Europe’s royal families to thrones=leaders promoted legitimacy- this is a conservative effort