Radial Flow at a well Removal of groundwater

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Radial Flow at a well Removal of groundwater faster than it can flow back

Radial Flow at a well Removal of groundwater faster than it can flow back lowers the water table near the well. The GWT becomes a radially symmetrical funnel shape called the cone of depression. Everything depends on the ability of the aquifer to transmit water between pore spaces Last time we saw hydraulic conductivity K, a velocity, m/sec

Transmissivity and Permeability • Transmissivity is a term applied to confined aquifers. It is

Transmissivity and Permeability • Transmissivity is a term applied to confined aquifers. It is the product of the hydraulic conductivity K and the saturated thickness b of the aquifer. T = K [m/day]. b [m] • Permeability symbol k, “little k” has units [m 2] k = Km/rg where m is the dynamic viscosity [kg/m. sec] and K has units m/sec

Water Production Well Casing, screen, centrifugal pump Outer casing >12” above grade with cement

Water Production Well Casing, screen, centrifugal pump Outer casing >12” above grade with cement grout, lower casing with grout seal, pump in screen, sand gravel pack, developed

Radial Flow • The drawdown of the GWT during flow from a well varies

Radial Flow • The drawdown of the GWT during flow from a well varies with distance, the cone of depression. If we want to know the difference in height h of the GWT at different distances r away from the well, we can sum thin cylinders of water around the well. Cylinders have lateral area 2 pr. height. Grundfos submersible pump

Radial Flow- Confined Aquifer • If the aquifer is confined, the cylinder has height

Radial Flow- Confined Aquifer • If the aquifer is confined, the cylinder has height h = b, [m. m. (m/sec). m/m and Darcy’s Equation for flow Area x. K x dh/dr can be integrated for a solution for r and h: To solve we integrate (get the total area), i. e. we add up many thin cylinders Separate the variables r and h sum terms in r = constants x sum terms in h d ln r = 1/r dr so: Solve the above for Q d h = dh ]

Radial Flow- Confined Aquifer Solve for T • If we solve for T=Kb we

Radial Flow- Confined Aquifer Solve for T • If we solve for T=Kb we get: We will go through Example 8 -4.

Radial Flow- Unconfined Aquifer • If the aquifer is unconfined, the cylinder has height

Radial Flow- Unconfined Aquifer • If the aquifer is unconfined, the cylinder has height h, and Darcy’s Equation for flow can be integrated for a solution for r and h as well. The extra h gives a little different solution: Such expressions can be solved for K

Radial Flow- Unconfined Aquifer Solve for K • If we solve for K we

Radial Flow- Unconfined Aquifer Solve for K • If we solve for K we get: We will go through Example 8 -5.

Slug Tests • These use a single well for the determination of aquifer formation

Slug Tests • These use a single well for the determination of aquifer formation constants • Rather than pumping the well for a period of time, a volume of pure water is added to the well and observations of drawdown are noted through time • Slug tests are often preferred at hazardous waste sites, since no contaminated water has to be pumped out and disposed of.

Bouwer and Rice Slug Test begins middle of page 540 4 th edition rc

Bouwer and Rice Slug Test begins middle of page 540 4 th edition rc = radius of casing y 0 = vertical difference between water level inside well and water level outside at t = 0 yt = vertical difference between water level inside well and water table outside (drawdown) at time t Re = effective radial distance over which y is dissipated; varies with well geometry rw = radial distance to undisturbed portion of aquifer from centerline (includes thickness of gravel pack) Le = length of screened, perforated, or otherwise open section of well, and t = time

Example from Figure 8 -23 b t (sec) 1 2 3 4 6 9

Example from Figure 8 -23 b t (sec) 1 2 3 4 6 9 13 19 20 40 yt(m) 0. 24 0. 19 0. 16 0. 13 0. 07 0. 03 0. 013 0. 005 0. 002 0. 001 A screened, cased well penetrates a confined aquifer. The casing radius is rc = 5 cm and the screen is Le = 1 m long. A gravel pack 2. 5 cm thick surrounds the well so rw = 7. 5 cm. A slug of water is injected that raises the water level by y 0 = 0. 28 m. The change in water level yt with time is as listed in the above table. TODO: Given that Re is 10 cm, calculate K for the aquifer.

First we estimate the 1/t ln(y 0/yt) 0. 3 0. 2 4/10 ths of

First we estimate the 1/t ln(y 0/yt) 0. 3 0. 2 4/10 ths of a log cycle, read as a proportion of the length of one log cycle, NOT on the log scale second log cycle Data for y vs. t are plotted on semi-log paper as shown. The straight line from y 0 = 0. 28 m to yt = 0. 001 m covers 2. 4 log cycles. The time increment between the two points is 24 seconds. To convert the log cycles to natural log (ln) cycles, a conversion factor of 2. 3 is used. Thus, 10 first log cycle 1/t ln(y 0/yt) = 2. 3 x 2. 4/24 = 0. 23.

Log 10 to ln • • Consider the number 10. Log 10 (10) =

Log 10 to ln • • Consider the number 10. Log 10 (10) = 1 because 101 = 10 ln (10) = 2. 3 ln (10) / Log 10 (10) = 2. 3/1

Reading log marks if not labeled Also, the meaning of “one cycle” “half a

Reading log marks if not labeled Also, the meaning of “one cycle” “half a cycle” etc. One cycle Half a cycle

The Solution Using this value (0. 23) for 1/t ln(y 0/yt) in the Bouwer

The Solution Using this value (0. 23) for 1/t ln(y 0/yt) in the Bouwer and Rice equation gives: K = [(5 cm)2 ln(10 cm/7. 5 cm)/(2 x 100 cm)](0. 23 sec-1) and, rc = 5 cm Le = 1 m -3 K = 8. 27 x 10 cm/s Gravel pack = 2. 5 cm thick So R = rw = 2. 5 + 5 = 7. 5 cm y 0 = 0. 28 m. Re is 10 cm 1/t ln(y 0/yt) = 0. 23 from the previous slides.

More Examples • As usual we will do examples and similar homework problems.

More Examples • As usual we will do examples and similar homework problems.