Racialization the KKK and Maine Associate Professor Lorien

Racialization, the KKK and Maine Associate Professor Lorien Lake-Corral Assistant Professor James Cook February 8, 2017 -- slides & notes at jamescookuma. com --

Defining Race & Ethnicity ● Biologists & Sociologists reject race as biological ○ instead, race is a socially constructed idea ● Race is “a concept that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies” (Omi & Winant 2015)

Defining Race & Ethnicity • Ethnic Groups • unique set of cultural traits • (language, clothing, cuisine, religion, music…) • Ancestry as cultural heritage

Ethnocentrism • Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s own group values and behaviors are right & better than other groups’. • pro - group solidarity, loyalty • con - racism • An ideology that certain racial or ethnic groups exist & are inferior • A set of discriminatory practices against these groups

Racism: Prejudice & Discrimination • Prejudice • Belief or attitude toward certain people based on group membership • Discrimination • Action or behavior toward certain people based on group membership

Racism: Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice can exist without Discrimination can exist without Prejudice Both can be: individual (practiced by people), or institutional (enacted by groups and institutions) (Merton 1949)

Racialization: the formation of a new racial identity regarding a group of people not previously considered to be a “race. ” (Winant 1994) It doesn’t matter if the “race” is “really” biological; people will invent biology to make race appear biological.

Racialization and Social Conflict: Germans in World War I H. R. Hopps, 1917, for U. S. Army Enlistment

Racialization and Social Conflict: Japanese in World War II Jack Campbell, 1942, for U. S. War Production Board

Past Racial Connotations: Irish Italian Polish (what do these have in common? ) vs. W. A. S. P.

“The Iberians are believed to have been originally an African race, who thousands of years ago spread themselves through Spain over Western Europe. Their remains are found in the barrows, or burying places, in sundry parts of these countries. The skulls are of low prognathous type. They came to Ireland mixed with the natives of the South and West, who themselves are supposed to have been of low type and descendants of savages of the Stone Age, who, in consequence of isolation from the rest of the world, had never been out-competed in the healthy struggle of life, and thus made way, according to the laws of nature, for superior races. ” Image: H. Strickland Constable. 1899, Ireland from One or Two Neglected Points of View

Thomas Nast. Harper’s Weekly: The Journal of Civilization , July 29, 1871

Old South Place, Bath, July 6, 1854

John Bapst, Ellsworth, October 1854

KKK 1923 (Milo Historical Society)

Somali Immigration to Lewiston begins in 2001 Average violent crime rate before 2001: 281 per 100, 000 Average violent crime rate after 2001: 237 per 100, 000

Somali Immigration to Lewiston begins in 2001 Average property crime rate before 2001: 5933 per 100, 000 Average property crime rate after 2001: 3321 per 100, 000

2015 Population Biddeford Augusta Waterville Sanford Saco Westbrook Portland Orono Falmouth South Portland Kennebunk Brunswick Scarborough Bangor York Lewiston Gorham Windham Auburn 21, 355 18, 608 16, 300 20, 936 19, 146 17, 989 66, 816 10, 753 11, 874 25, 540 11, 185 20, 490 19, 682 32, 455 12, 870 36, 232 17, 190 17, 740 22, 880 Violent Crime Rate, Change 2001 2015 241. 3 482. 3 241. 0 229. 6 429. 9 200. 3 88. 9 263. 8 174. 9 81 234. 9 153. 9 23. 6 146. 2 122. 6 214. 8 300. 2 85. 4 308. 4 321. 8 13. 4 43. 5 55. 8 12. 3 28. 8 33. 7 4. 9 89. 2 94 4. 8 37. 8 35. 8 -2. 0 103 97. 6 -5. 4 64. 2 55. 9 -8. 3 182. 6 172. 5 -10. 1 69. 4 54. 4 -15. 0 211 187. 7 -23. 3 84. 1 40. 7 -43. 4 113 39. 5 -73. 5 260. 5 100. 5 -160. 0

2015 Population Biddeford Sanford Scarborough Falmouth Waterville Orono Augusta Westbrook Gorham Brunswick Windham York Kennebunk Portland Auburn Saco South Portland Bangor Lewiston 21, 355 20, 936 19, 682 11, 874 16, 300 10, 753 18, 608 17, 989 17, 190 20, 490 17, 740 12, 870 11, 185 66, 816 22, 880 19, 146 25, 540 32, 455 36, 232 Property Crime Rate, 2001 3174. 8 2819. 3 1448. 1 1249. 4 4584. 4 1990 5579 2774. 5 1737. 8 2447. 7 2473. 2 1988. 9 1522. 7 4342. 9 4526. 6 3604. 9 4108. 1 6145. 5 4664. 2 Property Crime Rate, 2015 4738. 9 3453. 4 1900. 2 1086. 4 4404. 9 1525. 2 5105. 3 2279. 2 1047. 1 1659. 3 1662. 9 1173. 3 688. 4 3026. 2 3177. 4 2099. 7 2357. 1 3931. 8 2020. 3 Change 1564. 1 634. 1 452. 1 -163. 0 -179. 5 -464. 8 -473. 7 -495. 3 -690. 7 -788. 4 -810. 3 -815. 6 -834. 3 -1316. 7 -1349. 2 -1505. 2 -1751. 0 -2213. 7 -2643. 9

Racialization, Right Now October 2016 Census Bureau proposes new racial category for Census: MENA

Here We Are Again. What Next?

References All Saints Parish. 2017. “St. Mary Church History. ” Accessed 2/7/2017 at http: //www. allsaintsmaine. com/st-mary-history/ Bertrand, Marianne and Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. ”American Economic Review 94: 991 -1013. Bouchard, Kelley. 2017. “Not Long Ago, the KKK was a Driving Force in Maine Culture and Politics. ” Portland Press-Herald: February 5. Butler, Daniel M. and David Broockman. 2011. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators. ” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 463 -477. Constable, H. Strickland. 1899. Ireland from One or Two Neglected Points of View.

References Gaddis, S. Michael. 2015. "Discrimination in the Credential Society: an Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market. " Social Forces 93 (4), 1451 -79. Herberman, Charles George. 1913. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference, pages 679 -680. Merton, Robert K. 1949. “Discrimination and the American Creed. ” pp. 99 -126 in R. M. Mac. Iver (Ed. ), Discrimination and National Welfare. New York, NY: Institute for Religious Studies. Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States. 3 rd edition. New York: Routledge. Pager, Devah. 2003. “The Mark of a Criminal Record” American Journal of Sociology 108 (5): 937975.

References Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski. 2009. “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment. ” American Sociological Review 74: 777 -799. Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian. 2005. “Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do. ” American Sociological Review 70(3): 355 -380 Richard, Mark Paul. 2009. “‘This is Not a Catholic Nation’: The Ku Klux Klan Confronts Franco. Americans in Maine. ” The New England Quarterly 82(2): 285 -303. Schreer, George E. , Saundra Smith, and Kirsten Thomas. 2009. "Shopping While Black: Examining Racial Discrimination in a Retail Setting. " Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39(6): 1432 -1444. Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Conditions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Appendix: Racial Discrimination in Audit Studies Two people (“testers”) Varying by Race, Identical Otherwise What Differences Arise?

“We conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills. These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs. ” Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment Devah Pager, Bruce Western, and Bart Bonikowski American Sociological Review 2009

Criminal Non-Criminal Criminal Non-Criminal Job Applicants in Milwaukee, WI Applications to entry-level positions listed in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and Jobnet. The Mark of a Criminal Record Devah Pager American Journal of Sociology 2003

What will employers say about their willingness to hire people according to race and ex-convict status? What will employers actually do? Follow-up to the Milwaukee audit study with a survey. Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do Devah Pager Lincoln Quillian American Sociological Review 2005 70(3): 355 -380

Result: Talk is Cheap

“We study race in the labor market by sending fictitious resumes to help -wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers. To manipulate perceived race, resumes are randomly assigned African American or White sounding names. ” “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. ” Marianne Bertrand Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. American Economic Review 94. 991: 1013

“To investigate racial discrimination in the marketplace, we conducted a field experiment to examine both overt and subtle forms of retail discrimination. ‘Customers’ browsing in highend retail stores asked a salesperson if they would remove a security sensor from a pair of sunglasses prior to trying them on in front of a mirror. ” Schreer, George E. , Saundra Smith, and Kirsten Thomas. 2009. "Shopping While Black: Examining Racial Discrimination in a Retail Setting. " Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39(6): 14321444.

Schreer, George E. , Saundra Smith, and Kirsten Thomas. 2009. "Shopping While Black: Examining Racial Discrimination in a Retail Setting. " Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39(6): 14321444.

October 2008: E-mail messages sent to 4, 859 state legislators fictitious sender's name: "Jake Mueller" or "De. Shawn Jackson. “ "Jake Mueller“ 5. 1% more often than "De. Shawn Jackson. " Republican white state legislators responded to "Jake Mueller" 7. 6% more often than to "De. Shawn Jackson. " Democratic white state legislators responded to "Jake Mueller" 6. 8% more often than to "De. Shawn Jackson. ”

1008 fake job applications Elite (Duke, Harvard, Stanford) vs. Non-Elite (UC-Riverside) Black (Da. Quan, Shanice) vs. White (Caleb, Erica) names Gaddis, S. Michael. 2015. "Discrimination in the Credential Society: an Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market. " Social Forces.