Quoting and Referencing Topics Covered n In text

Quoting and Referencing

Topics Covered n In- text citations ¨ Author’s name ¨ Page number (or line number if it’s a poem) Works cited page entries Surname, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print. n Working with quotations n

Consider the following A voice-over in general is “one component of the total showing” (Chatman 134) of the cinematic narrator, which can be defined as “the composite of a large and complex variety of communicating devices” (Chatman 134). Therefore “the normal state of affairs, and not only in the Hollywood tradition, is for voice-over narrators to speak at the beginning, less frequently at the end, and intermittently (if at all) during the film” (Chatman 134). As opposed to the normal case, the voice-over narrator's contribution in the adaptations of High Fidelity and Bridget Jones's Diary are not transitory, but last. That could have several reasons. On the one hand the use of voice-over narrators is a “strategy to translate literary texts into film” (Deleyto 26) and therefore a “way for films to underline their literariness” (Deleyto 26). On the other hand the “pervasive presence of the narrator” (Deleyto 26), which directly communicates with the audience, in both films establishes a relationship with the spectators, which thus can not only empathize, but also identify with the main characters.

Punctuation for In-Text Citations n n Parenthetical references come before the full stop (like this). They also come directly next to the respective quotation or paraphrased ideas Woodsworth says Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263) whereas Coleridge seems to see it as more of a mediator between man and nature (253). n In longer, indented quotations, it comes after the full stop. Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. (Bronte 78)

Punctuation for Works Cited n We use Italics for: ¨ n We use “inverted commas” or “quotation marks” for: ¨ n Short Stories, e. g. “The Purloined Letter”; Poems; Songs; Articles in a Newspaper, Magazine, Journal or Book; Chapter Titles; Individual Episodes of TV Programs We capitalize: ¨ n Books, e. g. Heart of Darkness; Plays, e. g. Waiting for Godot; Films; Long Poems, e. g. The Wasteland; Journals; Magazines; Newspapers; TV programs; Albums; Paintings and Sculptures n In handwriting, the same effect is shown through underlining. The first and last words of the title, all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives We do not capitalize: ¨ Prepositions, conjunctions, articles, the particle “to” used with an infinitive

Punctuation and Quotations I n Commas are placed inside inverted commas ¨ “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, ” wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (1). n Full stops are still placed after the parenthetical reference even if it is the end of a sentence in the quote ¨ Writing on the 18 th century, Dickens noted that “it was the best of times, it was the worst of times” (1).

Punctuation and Quotations II n n n Commas mark off an interrupted quotation ¨ “The last thing we need, ” remarked Buffy, “is vampires who sparkle in the sunlight instead of bursting into flames. ” In general, commas introduce a quotation However, a colon may be used where the quotation serves as an elaboration. ¨ She told me the last thing I wanted to hear: “They’ve arranged another meeting for Monday morning. ” ¨ Ronald Reagan said, “I can tell a lot about a fellow by the way he eats jellybeans. ”

Punctuation and Quotations III n Semicolons, and dashes are placed outside of the inverted commas ¨ Edelman discusses how we do not stand up for our children and how our nation “is a nation that is failing”; in fact, she reminds us of all the different ways we fail our children (47). n Don’t worry too much about these as you probably won’t need to use them anyway

Punctuation and Quotations IV Question and exclamation marks (? and !) are placed: n Inside quotation marks, if part of the quotation. Martin Luther King asks, “Are you able to accept blows without retaliating? ” n Outside quotation marks, if part of the entire sentence: Didn’t the clergymen feel uncomfortable with the question about being “able to accept blows without retaliating”? n

Punctuation and Quotations V n For a quote within a quote single inverted commas are used for the inside quotation and double inverted commas for the one enclosing it. ¨ “I will never respond to King's question about being able to ‘accept blows without retaliating’, ” declared Mr Adams, the irate clergyman (37).

Introducing Quotations n We introduce quotes with and without commas as follows: ¨ In The Little Brown Reader, John Ruskin writes, “The entire object of true education is to make people not merely do the right things, but enjoy the right things” (361). ¨ In The Little Brown Reader, John Ruskin writes that “the entire object of true education is to make people not merely do the right things, but enjoy the right things” (361). n Note that we tend to use present tense verbs if we consider the ideas to still be valid.

Introducing… Verbs! n n n n acknowledges claims notes reveals adds concludes observes says agrees contends Illustrates portrays replies stresses n n n n points out states argues declares questions suggests asserts explains remarks shows writes believes implies demonstrates emphasizes

Quoting in general n Short quotations - go in the text As stated by Wittgenstein, “Russell became irate, eventually resorting to fisticuff” (237). Hence, it is important to deal with patients carefully. n Longer quotations (four typed lines or more) ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Start on a new line Indent the entire quote one inch from the left margin Maintain double-spacing Only indent the fist line an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Citation comes after the closing punctuation mark Do not use inverted commas Do not indent the first line of the following paragraph We would thus do well to bear in mind Wittgenstein’s remarks on perception: When challenged to prove that there wasn’t a rhinoceros in the room, Russell became irate, eventually resorting to fisticuffs. This is due to the inherently subjective nature of perception, which has occupied philosophers and psychologists since James. (237) Indeed, though most of us take our perception of the world for granted, it is only through disorders. . . that we become aware that are interpretations are malleable.

Quoting Dialogue in Plays/Films n Treat the dialogue as an embedded quotation, using capital letters for the characters’ names followed by a full stop and then the dialogue in hanging indent. GUILDENSTERN. My honoured lord! ROSENCRANTZ. My most dear lord! HAMLET. My excellent good friends! How dost thou, Guildenstern? Ah, Rosencrantz! Good lads, how do ye both? ROSENCRANTZ. As the indifferent children of the earth. GUILDENSTERN. Happy, in that we are not over-happy; On fortune's cap we are not the very button. (Act. Scene. Line(s)) e. g. (2. 2. 1325 -1331)

Quoting Poetry I n two or fewer lines ¨ integrate the quote into the text ¨ Separate the lines with a slash: The remarkable opening lines of Eliot’s Prufrock, “Let us go then, you and I / When the evening is spread out against the sky, ” alert the reader immediately to the fact that this is not going to be a typical ‘love song’ (1 -2). n Parenthetical references to poetry always refer to line numbers.

Quoting Poetry II n n n For quotations of more than two lines treated like indented quotations, reproduce the original form exactly: body fee l inga ro und. Me the traffic of lovely; muscles-sinke x p i r i n g S uddenl Y totouch the curvedship of Her. . k. Iss her: hands will play on, m. E as (4 -11)

Altering Quotations I When we take out words from the quotations, we insert an ellipsis in brackets […] to show that words have been removed. n When we add our own words to the quotations, we enclose our own words in [brackets]. n ¨ Othello says, “I have done the state service. ” Incorrect: Othello says that he “have done the state service. ” n Correct: Othello says that he “[has] done the state service. ” n

Reacting to Quotations n n A reaction must always follow the quote You can ¨ Question, restate, disagree with, criticize, show the relevance of, explain, or give an example of what the author says According to Ruskin in The Little Brown Reader, “the entire object of true education is to make people not merely do the right things, but enjoy the right things” (361). As most parents and educational policy makers would agree, educators must do more than show students how to make the right choices; they must also show them how to enjoy themselves while doing so.

So now…. Let’s look at some citations and their works cited page entries n In- text citations n ¨ The reader needs to easily refer to the works cited entry ¨ Author’s name ¨ Page number (or line number if it’s a poem) n If available Works cited page entries Surname, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print. n

Works Cited Page

Basics n n n Double space all citations, but do not skip lines between entries. Indent after first line with a hanging indent. Alphabetize by authors’ last names Do not list an author’s title (i. e. Dr. , Phd. ) List the medium for every entry (i. e. Film, Print) URLs are not required, but if your instructor insists on them, include them with angle brackets <like this> at the end of the entry followed by a full stop.

Referencing a book In-text examples: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Works cited entry: Surname, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print. Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.

A Poem In text example: The remarkable opening lines of Eliot’s Prufrock, “Let us go then, you and I / When the evening is spread out against the sky, ” alert the reader immediately to the fact that this is not going to be a typical ‘love song’ (1 -2). ¨ Parenthetical references to poetry always refer to line numbers. Works cited entry: Eliot, T. S. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, " Bartleby. Web. 14. May 2009. <http: //www. bartleby. com/198/1. html> Eliot, T. S. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. ” The Harbrace Anthology of Poetry. 3 rd ed. Ed. Jon C. Stott, Raymond E. Jones, and Rick Bowers. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 2002. 267 -71. Print.

Unknown Author In-text example: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change ” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6). Works cited entry: “The Impact of Global Warming in North America. ” Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.

Work with Multiple Editions In-text example: The human struggle, according to Sharon and Hawhee may be defined by relationships that people have as a result of their upbringing. (79; ch. 1). Works Cited Entry: Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3 rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. Print. Work by Multiple Authors In-text examples: It can, however be argued that peer correction is more effective than instructor correction (Gillespie and Lerner 24). Works cited entry: Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.

Authors with Same Last Names In-text example: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). Works cited entry: Same form as other entries depending on what it is. Alphabetize by first name. Multivolume Works In-text example: Coleridge seems to see romantic poetry as a mediator between man and nature (2: 253). Works cited entry: Coleridge, S. T. Biographia Literaria. Ed. J. Shawcross Vol. 2. Oxford: Caredon Press, 1907.

Multiple Works by the Same Author In-text Example: Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year (“Hand. Eye Development” 17). Works cited entry: Surname, First Name. “Article Name. ” Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print. ---. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Print.

Citing Indirect Sources In-text example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social service centers, and they don't do that well“ (qtd. in Weisman 259). Works cited entry: Entry for the Weisman source depending on its type Multiple Citations In-text example: . . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21). Work cited entry: Two separate entries depending on the source type

Journal Article (Print) In-text citation: As one can see from Ravenscroft’s analysis of inbred heresfords… (43). Works cited entry: Surname, First Name. “Article Title. ” Journal Title Volume. Issue (Year): pp-pp. Print. Ravenscroft, Tom. “Multivariant Analysis of Inbred Heresfords. ” The Journal of Irreproducible Results 22. 1 (1987): 37 -45. Print. Or if you found the print article online: Ravenscroft, Tom. “Multivariant Analysis of Inbred Heresfords. ” The Journal of Irreproducible Results 22. 1 (1987): 37 -45. Web. 07 May 2012.

Journal Article (Online) In-text Example: One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is “. . . a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism” (Garcia, “Herzog: a Life”). Works cited entry: Garcia, Elizabeth. “Herzog: a Life. “ Online Film Critics Corner. The Film School of New Hampshire, 2 May 2002. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.

Film In-text example: Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film. Works cited entry: Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982. Film.

Television Broadcast In-text example: As Buffy states, “Being a vampire just doesn’t pay” (“One More Feeling”). Works cited entry: “Title of Episode. ” Title of Program or Series. Name of Network. Broadcast Date. Medium. “Once More with Feeling. ” Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 6 Nov 2001. DVD.

Video Game (not in MLA) In-text example: In Grand Theft Auto IV, for example, women seem to gain a stronger role as they are no longer soley portrayed as prostitutes. Works cited entry: Game Title. Distributor and/or Producer. Year. Video Game. Grand Theft Auto IV. Rockstar Games. 2008. Video Game.

A Comic Strip or Cartoon In-text example: As can be seen in Trudeau’s Doonesbury, the current legislation was being criticized by all branches of the media. Works cited entry: Surname, First Name. “Title. ” Comic Strip/Cartoon. Publication Date of Publication: Page. Print. Karasik, Paul. Cartoon. New Yorker 14 Apr. 2008: 49. Print. Trudeau, Gary. “Doonesbury. ” Comic Strip. Star-Ledger [Newark] 4 May 2002: 26. Print.

An Illustrated Book In-text example: Fantasies such as this are also created by Baum (45). This technique can bee seen by Denslow’s illustrations (23). Works cited entry: Baum, L. Frank. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Illus. W. W. Denslow. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print n Or if we’re concerned mainly with the work of the illustrator. Denslow, W. W. , illus. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. By L. Frank Baum. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print

A Graphic Narrative In-text example: The relationship between father and son really starts to intensify in the second volume which is exemplified during an argument the two have (Spiegelman 124). Works cited entry: Spiegelman, Art. Maus: A Survivor’s Tale. 2 vols. New York: Pantheon-Random, 198691. Print

Random Useless Website Stay away from websites if you can. If by chance you do find one that is reliable (i. e. written by an expert in the field), here is how you can deal with it. In-text example: Van Basten, on the other hand, feels that as the subpar graphics of the xbox are enough to turn any respectable gamer away from purchasing one. Works cited entry: Surname, First Name. “Useless Webpage Name. ” Useless Website Name. Publisher of Useless Website. Date of Publication. Web. Access Date. Van Basten, Marco. “Xboxers are loserz. ” Marco’s Really Deep Thoughts. Blogspot. 13 September 2008. Web. 11 November 2010.