QUOTATION DEFINITION Quotation is a phrase or short

QUOTATION

DEFINITION Quotation is a phrase or short piece of writing taken from a longer work of literature, poetry, etc. or what someone else has said (dictionary. Cambridge. org)

THE WAYS 1. Direct quotation you may quote scientist’s statement for your supporting arguments. If the quotation consists of 3 (three) lines, you may write: Semiotika mempermudah kehidupan manusia. Dengan mengetahui system ketandaan, misalnya, kita tidak perlu bertanya lagi apakah suatu tempat merupakan rumah makan, took buku, hotel, rumah sakit dan sebagainya. Meskipun demikian, semiotika juga menuntut agar kita belajar berpikir, sehingga sebagai pengguna ilmu ketandaan kita tidak tertipu. Menurut Eco (1970: 4), “Thus, semiotics is in principle the discipline studying everything which can be use in order to lie. ” (Ratna, 2010: 487 -488) Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian: Kajian Budaya dan Ilmu Sosial Humaniora pada Umumnya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

When the quotation consists of more than 3 (three) lines, it is written: Menurut Shipley (1962: 374) sebagai ilmu tanda, semiotika memiliki sejarah yang cukup Panjang: The term was used by the Greek physicians to refer to that portion of medicine which dealt with diagnosis. In the Stoic philosophy semiotic (semeiotike), which included logic, theory of knowledge and rhetoric, was regarded as one of the three branches of philosophy, co-ordinate with physics and ethnics. (Ratna, 2010: 487)

2. Indirect Quotation Indirect quotation, called pharaphrasing, differs from the source to express the same meaning (Bailey, 2003: 29). To avoid the risk of plagiarism, paraphrasing focuses on techniques of note-making and summary writing. Paraphrasing: (1) Does not aim to shorten the length of a text; (2) Restates the meaning of the text; (3) Is significantly different from the wording of the original, without altering the meaning at all. (Bailey, 2003: 29)

The example taken from Bailey (2003): Evidence of a lost civilization has been found off the coast of China. Could be paraphrased Remains of an ancient society have been discovered in the sea near China.

Learn the text and decide which is the better paraphrase (a) or (b): Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. (a) The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4, 000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food. (b) Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

TECHNIQUES 1. Changing vocabulary study > research society > civilization mud > deposits However not all words and phrases can be paraphrased. For example, economics, socialism or global warming have no effective synonyms.

TECHNIQUES 2. Changing word class Egypt (n) > Egyptian (adj) mountainous (adj), mountainous regions > mountain (n), in the mountain 3. Changing word order Ancient Egypt collapsed > the collapse of Egyptian society began

EXERCISE 1 Find synonyms for the words in italics and coloring green. Example: The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. The rise of the automobile industry matches the progress of contemporary capitalism.

EXERCISE 1 (a) It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. (b) There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production.

EXERCISE 2 Change the word class of the words in italics, and then rewrite the sentences. Example: In the 1920 s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. In the 1920 s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the world’s car companies.

EXERCISE 2 (a) After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. (b) Later, from the 1970 s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.

EXERCISE 3 Change the word order of the following sentences (other changes may be needed). Example: At this time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defense of their members’ jobs. At this time, increasingly militant trades unions defended their members’ jobs.

EXERCISE 3 (a) Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. (b) However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits.

EXERCISE 4 Combine all these techniques to paraphrase the paragraph as fully as possible. 1. The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920 s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970 s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. At this time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defense of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits.

EXERCISE 4 2. Before the last century no humans had visited Antarctica, and even today the vast continent has a winter population of fewer than 200 people. However, a recent report from a New Zealand government agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in the ice and snow. Although untouched compared with other regions in the world, the bitter cold of Antarctica means that the normal process of decay is prevented. As a result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years’ operations. Despite popular belief, the polar continent is really a desert, with less precipitation than the Sahara. In the past, snowfall slowly covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries using Antarctica agreed a treaty on waste disposal, under which everything is to be taken home, and this is slowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everything removed. The remains of very early expeditions at the beginning of the twentieth century have acquired historical value and will be preserved

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