QUIT 14 A New Industrial Age CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

QUIT 14 A New Industrial Age CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE MAP GRAPH SECTION 1 The Expansion of Industry SECTION 2 The Age of the Railroads SECTION 3 Big Business and Labor VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 14 A New Industrial Age CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses

HOME 14 A New Industrial Age INTERACT WITH HISTORY The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the United States will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages. You are a journalist assigned to describe this monumental construction project for your readers. What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion? Examine the Issues • What dangers do the railroad workers encounter? • How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad? • How might railroad construction affect the environment?

HOME 14 A New Industrial Age TIME LINE The United States The World 1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific complete the transcontinental railroad. 1870 Franco-Prussian War breaks out. 1875 British labor unions win right to strike. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. 1877 Munn v. Illinois establishes government regulation of railroads. Mother Jones supports the Great Strike of 1877. 1879 Thomas A. Edison invents a workable light bulb. 1882 United States restricts Chinese immigration. continued. . .

HOME 14 A New Industrial Age TIME LINE The United States The World 1883 Germany becomes the first nation to provide national health insurance. 1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president. 1886 Haymarket riot turns public sentiment against unions. 1890 Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1890 Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa peaks. 1893 Women in New Zealand gain voting rights. 1894 President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike. William Mc. Kinley is elected president. 1900 William Mc. Kinley is reelected. 1896 First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece.

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry KEY IDEA Industry booms as natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel technological development. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW At the end of the 19 th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom. Technological developments of the late 19 th century paved the way for the continued growth of American industry. TERMS & NAMES • Thomas Alva Edison • Bessemer process • Christopher Sholes • Edwin L. Drake • Alexander Graham Bell ASSESSMENT

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List resources, ideas, and markets that affected the industrial boom of the 19 th century. Then note how each item contributed to industrialization. Resources, Ideas, Markets Impact Oil drill Oil boom, wealth Bessemer process Bridge construction, more railroads Steel Frame buildings Electrical power Artificial light widely available Telephone Faster communications continued. . .

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry ASSESSMENT 2. Do you think that consumers gained power as industry expanded in the late 19 th century? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: • Yes. Availability of products; more leisure time • No. low wages; less skill and craft continued. . .

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry ASSESSMENT 3. If the United States had been poor in natural resources, how would industrialization have been affected? ANSWER Less wealth; less industry; slower growth continued. . .

HOME MAP 1 The Expansion of Industry ASSESSMENT 4. Which invention or development described in this section had the greatest impact on society? Think About: • the applications of inventions • the impact of inventions on people’s daily lives • the effect of inventions on the workplace ANSWER Electricity: changed business and home environments Telephone: sped up communication, faster service, faster growth Bessemer process: steel used for buildings, machines, factories, bridges, railroads End of Section 1

HOME 2 The Age of the Railroads KEY IDEA The growth and consolidation of the railroads benefit the nation but lead to corruption and regulation. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

HOME 2 The Age of the Railroads OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation. Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States. TERMS & NAMES • transcontinental railroad • Crédit Mobilier • George M. Pullman • Munn v. Illinois • Interstate Commerce Act ASSESSMENT

HOME 2 The Age of the Railroads ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five effects of the rapid growth of railroads. Regulation of industry Growth of towns and cities Creation of nationwide market Rapid Growth of Railroads Consolidation of railroads Corruption continued. . .

2 HOME The Age of the Railroads ASSESSMENT 2. Do you think the government and private citizens could have done more to curb the corruption and power of the railroads? Think About: • why the railroads had power • the rights of railroad customers and workers • the scope of government regulations ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: • Yes. Consumer boycotts; more regulation; better prosecution of corrupt officials • No. Munn v. Illinois broke new ground for regulation; more regulation would have slowed industrial growth. continued. . .

HOME 2 The Age of the Railroads ASSESSMENT 3. The federal government gave land made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads? ANSWER Railroads increased United States settlement and built up United States commerce. continued. . .

2 HOME The Age of the Railroads ASSESSMENT 4. Why do you think that some Americans disliked the railroad as a new means of transportation? ANSWER Pollution and social changes brought on by railroads impeded freedoms. Some feared change because of unknown consequences. End of Section 2

HOME GRAPH 3 Big Business and Labor KEY IDEA The expansion of industry in the North results in the growth of big business and in the formation of unions by laborers seeking to better their working conditions and pay. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

HOME GRAPH 3 Big Business and Labor OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives. Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the labor movement, such as consolidation and the strike, have their origins in the late 19 th century. TERMS & NAMES • John D. Rockefeller • Sherman Antitrust Act • Mary Harris Jones • Samuel Gompers • Social Darwinism • Eugene V. Debs • Andrew Carnegie • vertical and horizontal integration • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • American Federation of Labor (AFL) ASSESSMENT

HOME GRAPH 3 Big Business and Labor ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four notable achievements and setbacks of the labor movement between 1876 and 1911. Event One Event Three 1892: The Steel Strike 1877: The Great Strike Event Two 1886: The Haymarket Affair Event Four 1911: Triangle Fire continued. . .

GRAPH 3 HOME Big Business and Labor ASSESSMENT 2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19 th century are best described as ruthless robber barons or as effective captains of industry? Think About: • their management tactics and business strategies • their contributions to the economy • their attitude toward competition ANSWER “Barons”—exploitation of workers; greed; personal gain “Captains”—philanthropy; national commerce; jobs continued. . .

HOME GRAPH 3 Big Business and Labor ASSESSMENT 3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or counter the philosophy of Social Darwinism? ANSWER Support: Carnegie well-suited to his society; caused his success Counter: advantages beyond Carnegie’s personal qualities continued. . .

GRAPH 3 HOME Big Business and Labor ASSESSMENT 4. If the government had supported unions instead of management in the late 19 th century, how might the lives of workers have been different? ANSWER Labor relations more peaceful; larger unions; higher wages; safer working conditions; lower profits End of Section 3