Quick Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Engineers

Quick Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Engineers ECE 4552: Medical Electronics by Ijlal Haider

The basic functions of organisms • • • Organization Responsiveness Growth and differentiation Reproduction Movement Metabolism and excretion

The Specialties of Anatomy • Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic: – Forms of Gross Anatomy • Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking • Regional anatomy – study of specific area • Systemic anatomy – study of system • Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception to physical maturity. – Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions • Cytology – study of cell • Histology – study of tissue

Comparative Anatomy • All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.

The Specialties of Physiology • Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms • Physiology can be divided into the following specialties: – Cell physiology – study of cell – Special physiology - study of specific organ – Systemic physiology – study of system – Pathological physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.

Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

An Introduction to the Organ Systems • • • Integumentary system Nervous system Skeletal system Endocrine system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Urinary system Respiratory system Digestive system Reproductive system

Homeostasis • Homeostasis is a stable internal environment • Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival • Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits. Two general points within homeostasis • Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation – results when cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically. • Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or endocrine system

Homeostatic regulation involves • A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of : – A receptor – senses an environmental change or stimuli. – A control center –processes information supplied by receptor and generates a response (command) – An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the command of control center. • A variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response to correct the situation – Negative feedback – Positive feedback

Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting • In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance: • Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals. • Chemicals will trigger blood clotting • Clotting process increases release of chemicals • More chemicals means accelerated clotting • Accelerated clotting means more chemicals

Body planes and sections A section is a cut made along a plane • Sagittal – cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body dividing it into left and right parts • Mid-sagittal (median) plane – right and left parts are of equal size • Frontal (coronal) plane – cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse plane (cross section) – cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

Planes • Sagittal Plane – divides body into right and left parts. • Midsagittal =median plane –divides body into two equal halves.

Planes • Frontal = coronal plane – divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Planes • Transverse plane = cross Section= horizontal section divides into upper and lower parts

Anatomical Directions

Body Cavities • Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs – Cavities protect vital organs – Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size • Two body cavities – Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity – Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

Major Bones

Anatomy of Nervous System

Major Nerves from the Spinal Cord

Brain Anatomy

Clinical technology allows many different views of the body • • X-rays Computerized tomography (CT) scans Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans Ultrasound images Spiral CT scans Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA) Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

X-rays

Tomographic Imaging

Functional Scanning Methods

Functional Scanning Methods

Functional Scanning Methods