Question 24 Plants and some photosynthetic bacteria can

Question 24 • Plants and some photosynthetic bacteria can use photosynthesis to create energy (sugar).

25. ATP Nitrogen Bases Tri-Phosphate sugar

25. ADP Di-phosphate

25. Differences • ATP – Tri-phosphate – Primary energy used to power living things – High amount of chemical energy – Universal Power Source • ADP – Di-phosphate – Less commonly used then ATP – Still contains a lot of energy, but less so due to fewer bonds

26. What is chlorophyll? • Chlorophyll is the primary pigment found in plants. • Chlorophyll is green because it reflects green light. • Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts in plants.

27. Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O

28. Chemical equation for cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 + ATP

Question 29 Photosynthesis • Process of converting Sunlight into chemical energy (sugar) • The sugar can be stored until it is needed. Then it will be converted into ATP. Cellular Respiration – The process of chemical energy (sugar) being converted into ATP – The ATP will be used to “fuel” cellular processes (releases energy)

Question 30 • Chloroplasts – Used to convert sunlight into energy – Found in plants Only – Double Membrane – Where photosynthesis takes place • Mitochondrion – Convert chemical substances into energy – Found in animal and some plant cells – Has a double membrane – Site of cellular respiration

31. Compare and Contrast Aerobic respiration • When Oxygen IS present • Can produce up to 38 ATP Anaerobic respiration • When oxygen is NOT present • Lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation • Produces a net of 2 ATP

32. Cell Cycle Events Interphase • • • Longest phase of the cell cycle. DNA is in chromatin form G 1 - Growth (organelles duplicate) S- replication (duplication) or DNA G 2 - Cell Growth Cell Division • Prophase- chromosomes • Metaphase- Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate (middle) • Anaphase- sister chromatids separate • Telophase- Cleavage furrow begins and nuclear envelopes reform. • Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm (two new cells)

33. If a skin cell had 52 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in an egg cell? 26

34. ) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Only once through division At anaphase, cycle sister chromatids separate At cytokinesis, two identical cells separate ds Chromosome # is identical as the original cell TWO IDENTICAL DIPLOID CELLS Makes BODY (somatic) cells Meiosis Goes through division cycle twice Go through At anaphase 1, interphase (cell Homologous growth) chromosomes majority of time separate Go through PMAT (second division of ds At cytokinesis 1, two haploid meiosis is similar to daughter cells mitosis) are formed Chromsosome # is half of the original cell and a UNIQUE combination FOUR UNIQUE HAPLOID CELLS Makes GAMETES (egg and sperm)

35. Non-disjunction • Nondisjunction is the failure for duplicated chromosomes to separate – Generally during Meiosis II • Down syndrome is also known as TRISOMY 21. – Three copies of the 21 st chromosome

36. Describe the shape and composition of a DNA molecule • Shape: Double Helix • Composition: – Phosphate group – Deoxyribose sugar – 1 of 4 nitrogen bases http: //ghr. nlm. nih. gov/handbook/basics/dna

37. What is the function of DNA? • The function of DNA is to store heredity information that will be passed down to generations. It also contains the code for generating m. RNA; this will eventually lead to t. RNA, r. RNA, and eventually proteins.

38) Base Pairing • A-T (adenine to thymine) • C-G (cytosine to guanine) • Bonded by hydrogen bonds – 2 bonds between A and T – 3 bonds between C and G

39) DNA vs. RNA DNA • • A, T, C, G Deoxyribose sugar Double helix More complex RNA • • A, U, C, G Ribose sugar Single Strand Less complex

40) Codons • Set of three nucleotides on the m. RNA strand • Instructions for amino acids which then leads to protein production • Codes for amino acids • 3 letters make up a codon

41) m. RNA sequence • m. RNA: UUC GUU GGA ACC • DNA: AAG CAA CCT TGG • Amino acid: Phe-Val-Gly-Thr

42 a. Point Mutations • Substitution – Point where one nitrogen base is substituted for another – Sickle Cell Anemia: substitute A for T

42 b. Frame Shift Mutations • Deletions and Insertions – When a nitrogen base is deleted or added – Frame shift mutations- because it moves the codon up or down – Changes the sequence of amino acids after the mutation

43) Transcription vs. Translation Transcription • DNA to RNA • Occurs in nucleus Translation • RNA to protein • Occurs in cytoplasm

44. ) Define the following terms: a) b) c) d) e) Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: The physical traits of an organism Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a given gene Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a given gene Dominant: In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype with respect to a particular gene (the larger letter) f) Recessive: In a heterozygous individual, the allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype (the smaller letter)

45. How are the following words related? DNA, gene, RNA, protein, trait • Gene (stretch of DNA) that is transcribed into RNA, that is translated into PROTEIN, that is expressed as a TRAIT

46. Punnett Square • tool used to determine the probability of traits being passed on to offspring based on parents genotypes • Parents genotypes represent egg and sperm • Offspring's genotypes represent body cells

47. a)Monohybrid Heterozygote Parents (Tt x Tt) b) Blonde hair is dominant to brown. Two parents are mated one with blonde hair and one with brown, and some of their children end up with blonde and some with brown. a) b) Parent 1 - Bb Parent 2 - bb

48. • Children born with a recessive genetic disorder can have parents that do not express the disorder, because the parents are heterozygous. • The parents have the gene for the disorder, but it is masked by the dominant gene. • This is how some traits can “skip” a generation.

49. Gene Pool • Gene pool is the available genes in a breeding population.

50. • Species can achieve genetic variation over many generations by breeding outside of the immediate family. – No inbreeding • This allows new genes to be introduced

51. • A species can loose genetic diversity overtime by not “adding” to the gene pool. – Inbreeding – No gene shuffling