Quaternary Environments Quaternary Ecology Paleoecological Studies T Cannot
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Quaternary Environments Quaternary Ecology
Paleoecological Studies T Cannot establish experiments and replicate them T Look for evidence of events that occurred through time and use these “natural experiments” of the past to generate hypotheses T Substitution of Space for Time
Pollen Analysis T One of our best records of vegetation assemblages T Allows us to test hypotheses
Venn Diagrams of Analogue Situations
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of Forest Communities of Eastern North America
Tauber’s Model of Pollen Transport in a Forested Landscape Where: Cg – Gravity, Ct – Trunk Space, Cc – Canopy, Cr – Rain, Cw – Flowing Water Bradshaw’s model for the relationship between the diameter of the pollen catchment and its pollen source area.
Scale Issues T In any ecological or paleoecological study, the organism or population is best viewed in a context of its life span, life history strategy, recurrence interval and magnitude of disturbances
Spatial and Temporal Domains for a Hierarchical Characterization of Environmental Forcing Factors
Environmental Disturbance Regimes, Biotic Responses, and Vegetation Patterns Viewed in the Context of Four Space-Time Domains.
Succession T Clements’ T Plant View community associations that remain intact T Gleason’s T Species View are distributed individualistically according to their tolerances
Changes in Northern Arizona Vegetation Zones from Packrat Middens from the Grand Canyon
Gradient Studies and Elevational Effects During the Last Glacial Maximum
Vegetation Change over the last 18, 000 years in the Northern Great Basin
Changes in Northern and Western Range Limits for Four Important Eastern North American Tree Taxa During the Late Quaternary Based on Pollen Records.
Maps Depicting Changes in Range Limits Expressed in Contoured Values of Percent Dominance in Forests for Oak. http: //www. ngdc. noaa. gov/paleo/pollen/viewer/webviewer. html
Individualistic Response T Cold Hardiness T Response to Disturbances
Lower Cold Hardiness Thresholds (Killing Temperatures) Summarized for 25 Woody Angiosperms from the Eastern Deciduous Forest.
Cold Hardiness Zone Map. Region A less than -40 ºC Region B may reach -40 ºC Region C does not reach -40 ºC
Disturbances T Fire T Itasca State Park, Northwestern Minnesota Western Margin of the Hemlock-White Pine-Northern Hardwood Forest Region T Changing Fire Frequency 33 or 44 years to 80 -90 years T T Climate Controls Vegetation T Feedbacks to Fire T T Insect Outbreaks
Changes in Fire Frequency in Northwestern Minnesota reflected in a Shift from a 44 -year Cycle to an 88 -year Cycle (from Clark 1988)
Distinct Vegetation Types Due to Critical Climatic Thresholds
Vegetation Dependence on Climatic Factors Controlling Final Stable Vegetation State
Tree Species Decline and Recovery Due to Pathogens from Pout Pond, New Hampshire
Pollen Accumulation Rates for Black Ash and Ironwood/Hornbeam for the Late-Glacial Interval
Forest Models FORET l JABOWA l
Human Evolution
North American Land Mammal Ages Rancholabrean Bison, Mammuthus, Equus, Modern taxa 0 - 0. 5 Ma Irvingtonian Mammuthus, Equus, Euceratherium, Smilodon, Mocrotus Blancan Equus, Nannippus phelgon, Stegomastodon, Borophagus diversidens, Trigonictis, Nekrolagus, 1. 8 - 4. 5 Ma Procastoroides, Sigmodon. Hemphillian Machairodus, Agriotherium, Plesiogulo, Osteoborus, Osbornoceros, Prosthennops, Pliohipppus, Astrohippus 0. 5 - 1. 8 Ma 4. 5 - 8. 2 Ma
Megafaunal Extinction
Pleistocene Extinctions
Radiocarbon-Dated Megafauna
Timing of Megafaunal Extinctions at Different Locations (from Sturart et al. , 2004 )
Worldwide Megafaunal Extinctions
Land Bridges During the Last Glacial Maximum
Human Expansion into the Americas
Marine Overkill
- Macbeth thunder and lightning
- Can't manage what you don't measure
- If you can't measure it you can't control it
- If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it
- Ecology is a science which studies the relationship between
- Paradigm shift from women studies to gender studies
- International business chapter 5
- Environment means
- International business environments and operations
- Economic activity
- Psychologically informed environments
- Implations
- Chapter 13 natural environments of europe
- Diverse learning environments survey
- Chapter 13 natural environments of europe
- Exercise in hot and cold environments
- Interrelationship between micro and macro environment
- Creating supportive environments smoking
- The widening set of interdependent relationships
- Story openers
- Designing constructivist learning environments
- Enabling environments eyfs
- Peng cui tsinghua
- International business environments and operations
- Ans0361i
- External environment and accountability of schools
- High quality supportive environments
- What is global marketing environment
- What is full virtualization ideal for
- Chapter 7 natural environments of north america
- Psychologically informed environments
- Diverse learning environments survey
- The marketing environment is the actors and forces outside
- Agent a chapter 2
- What are quaternary consumers
- Binary to quaternary
- Advantage of quaternary
- Chemical reactions that release energy are called