Quarks Colors and Confinement Choe Jo Yeol Lin

Quarks, Colors, and Confinement Choe. Jo Yeol. Lin 20160673 Dept. of Physics, KAIST Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 1

Introduction Baryons, Mesons, and Quarks Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 2

Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 3

Historical Backgrounds 1961 The Eightfold Way 1935 Yukawa’s Meson 1949 1947 Quantum Electrodynamics Discovery of Strange Particle 1928 Dirac Equation Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 4

1975 - The Standard Model 1974 Discovery of J/ψ Meson 1964 The Quark Model 1973 -1974 Quantum Chromodynamics 1967 -1973 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 5

Color Charge https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Quark_Colors. svg, https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Quark_Anticolors. svg Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 6

Color Confinement https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation. gif Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 7

Review: QED Symmetry and Formalisms of Quantum Electrodynamics Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 8

Quantum Electrodynamics Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 9

QED Lagrangian Dirac Lagrangian Free fermion Lagrangian (Dirac) Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 Interaction term Free photon Lagrangian 10

The Feynman Rule http: //yoo. kaist. ac. kr/lectures/2017/1/files/Yoo. KAISTPH 450 Lecture 02. pdf Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 11

The Feynman Rule Interaction term Vertex factor http: //yoo. kaist. ac. kr/lectures/2017/1/files/Yoo. KAISTPH 450 Lecture 02. pdf Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 12

The Feynman Rule http: //yoo. kaist. ac. kr/lectures/2017/1/files/Yoo. KAISTPH 450 Lecture 02. pdf Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 13

The Feynman Rule Corrections to the QED matrix element Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 14

The Feynman Rule Mandelstam Variables Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 15

Color SU(3) and QCD Symmetry and Formalisms of Quantum Chromodynamics Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 16

Quantum Chromodynamics Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 17

Color SU(3) Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 18

Color SU(3) Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 19

QCD Lagrangian Free fermion Lagrangian Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 Quark-gluon interaction term Gluon Lagrangian 20

QCD Lagrangian Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 21

QCD Lagrangian Interaction term Vertex factor Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 22

QCD Lagrangian QED fermion current QCD fermion current Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 23

Running of Coupling Constant Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 24

Running of Coupling Constant Effective photon propagator Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 25

Running of Coupling Constant Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 26

Running of Coupling Constant Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 27

Running of Coupling Constant QED QCD coupling constant Gluon-gluon coupling Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 Fermion 28

Running of Coupling Constant Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 29

Running of Coupling Constant https: //webific. uv. es/web/sites/default/files/QCD-running-coupling. png Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 30

Asymptotic Freedom Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 31

Asymptotic Freedom Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 32

Color Confinement https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Gluon_tube-color_confinement_animation. gif Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 33

Color Confinement http: //www. fair-center. eu/typo 3 temp/pics/fcde 4 ac 3 b 3. jpg, http: //www. particleadventure. org/images/page-elements/color_field_snap. gif Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 34

Color Confinement in Hadrons Structures of Mesons, Baryons, Tertaquarks, and Pentaquarks Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 35

Mesons 1 quark, 1 antiquark - Quark and antiquark carry opposite color Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 36

Baryons 3 quarks - 3 quarks carry 3 different colors Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 37

Tetraquarks 2 quarks, 2 antiquarks - Bosonic particle Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 38

Pentaquarks 4 quarks, 1 antiquark - Fermionic particle Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 39

QCD Matter Brief Introduction to Non-Hadronic Quark Matter States Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 40

QCD Matter http: //images. iop. org/objects/phw/news/15/6/29/plas 1. jpg Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 41

QCD Matter https: //www. bnl. gov/today/body_pics/2017/01/phasediagram-hr. jpg Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 42

Quark-Gluon Plasma http: //hep. itp. tuwien. ac. at/~ipp/imagesphysics 01/QGM. jpg Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 43

Quark-Gluon Plasma https: //www. popsci. com/sites/popsci. com/files/styles/1000_1 x_/public/import/2013/images/2010/02/16 quark 01 -popup. jpg? itok=Pw. C 0 g. Tu. I Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 44

References [1] Thomson, M. (2013). Modern Particle Physics. Cambridge University Press. [2] Griffiths, D. (2008). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. [3] Greiner, W. , Schramm, S. , & Stein, E. (2007). Quantum Chromodynamics. Springer Science & Business Media. [4] Halzen, F. , Martin, A. D. (1984). Quarks and Leptons. [5] Ryder, L. H. (1996). Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge university press. [6] Greiner, W. , & Reinhardt, J. (2012). Quantum Electrodynamics. Springer Science & Business Media. [7] Yoo, J. H. (2017). KAIST 2017 Spring Undergraduate Physics Course Lecture Series PH 450 Particle Physics http: //yoo. kaist. ac. kr/lectures/2017/1/index. html [8] Riordan, M. (1992). The Discovery of Quarks. Science, 256(5061), 1287 -1293. [9] Ollitrault, J. Y. (2015). The Littlest Liquid. Physics, 8, 61. [10] Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Lattice QCD, the numerical approach to the strong force https: //webific. uv. es/web/en/content/lattice-qcd-numerical-approach-strong-force [11] Walsh, K. M. (2016). Tracking the transition of early-universe quark soup to matter-as-we-know-it. Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider News, Web, 4 https: //www. bnl. gov/newsroom/news. php? a=24473 Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 45

References (For Further Readings) [14] Park, W. , & Lee, S. H. (2014). Color spin wave functions of heavy tetraquark states. Nuclear Physics A, 925, 161 -184. [15] Ruester, S. B. , Werth, V. , Buballa, M. , Shovkovy, I. A. , & Rischke, D. H. (2005). Phase diagram of neutral quark matter: Self-consistent treatment of quark masses. Physical Review D, 72(3), 034004. Fall 2017 KAIST PH 489 46