Quarks and strong force strong force 10 15

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夸克子與強作用力 Quarks and strong force

夸克子與強作用力 Quarks and strong force

夸克子與強作用力 • 強作用力(strong force): 四種基本力之一 短程 (~10 -15 m),強(重<< 弱< 電磁< 強) 偶合常數: 10

夸克子與強作用力 • 強作用力(strong force): 四種基本力之一 短程 (~10 -15 m),強(重<< 弱< 電磁< 強) 偶合常數: 10 -40 10 -5 10 -2 coupling constant 1 • 主控核粒子nucleons(及所有強子hadrons) 之相互作用 如質子protons,中子neutrons, 介子mesons,K介子, 粒子‧‧‧‧ Ref. : Serway, Moses, Moyer, ‘Modern Physics’ (Saunders College Publishing, 1996) D. H. Perkins, ‘Introduction to High Energy Physics’ (Addison-Wesley, 1982)

Murray Gell-Mann Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 ‘for his contributions and discoveries concerning the

Murray Gell-Mann Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 ‘for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions’ http: //www. nobel. se/physics/laureates/1969/

強子 hadrons g b 重子 baryons r 介子 mesons r r

強子 hadrons g b 重子 baryons r 介子 mesons r r

夸克子之禁閉 (quark confinement)

夸克子之禁閉 (quark confinement)

高能電子-核粒子散射實驗 deep-inelastic electron-nucleon scattering

高能電子-核粒子散射實驗 deep-inelastic electron-nucleon scattering

史丹福線性粒子 加速器 Stanford Linear Accelerator SLAC 3 km Photos Courtesy Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

史丹福線性粒子 加速器 Stanford Linear Accelerator SLAC 3 km Photos Courtesy Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. www. slac. stanford. edu/

J. Friedman R. Taylor H. Kendall Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 “for their pioneering

J. Friedman R. Taylor H. Kendall Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics. ” Photo courtesy SLAC http: //www 2. slac. stanford. edu/vvc/nobel/1990 nobel. html

Figures courtesy Brookhaven National Lab http: //www. bnl. gov/RHIC/

Figures courtesy Brookhaven National Lab http: //www. bnl. gov/RHIC/

~1 km Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Lab, NY 實驗於 2000年開始 重離子(至鈾)加速至 200

~1 km Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Lab, NY 實驗於 2000年開始 重離子(至鈾)加速至 200 Ge. V/n (v=0. 99995 c)對撞, 於極短時間達至 1012 K,重塑宇宙初開狀況。 Figures courtesy Brookhaven National Lab http: //www. bnl. gov/RHIC/

粒子加速管道 Photo downloaded from http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/fascinating. htm 其中之一個粒 子探測器 STAR Photo downloaded

粒子加速管道 Photo downloaded from http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/fascinating. htm 其中之一個粒 子探測器 STAR Photo downloaded from http: //www. star. bnl. gov/

Au on Au Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab webpage http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/fascinating. htm

Au on Au Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab webpage http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/fascinating. htm

A real event in one of the detectors Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab webpage

A real event in one of the detectors Downloaded from Brookhaven National Lab webpage http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/full_en_images. htm

SN 1987 A 超新星 1987 A M 1 蟹狀星雲 Crab Nebula Pulsar/compact star Photo

SN 1987 A 超新星 1987 A M 1 蟹狀星雲 Crab Nebula Pulsar/compact star Photo courtesy Anglo-Australian Observatory Animation courtesy NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester et al. downloaded from http: //chandra. nasa. gov/ Chandra X-ray Photo courtesy NOAO HST

~50 km Photo credit: NASA http: //www. fourmilab. ch/earthview/vplanet. html

~50 km Photo credit: NASA http: //www. fourmilab. ch/earthview/vplanet. html

RXJ 1856. 5 -3754 可見光 X-ray Chandra/NASA Credit: European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope

RXJ 1856. 5 -3754 可見光 X-ray Chandra/NASA Credit: European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope R~11. 3 km 太小! Photos courtesy NASA/CXC/SAO downloaded from http: //chandra. harvard. edu/press/kits/strangematter/index. html

3 C 58 SN 1181 遺下之 致密星 表面溫度 < 106 K 太冷! Chandra X-ray

3 C 58 SN 1181 遺下之 致密星 表面溫度 < 106 K 太冷! Chandra X-ray Photo courtesy NASA/CXC/SAO http: //www 1. msfc. nasa. gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2002/02 -082. html