Quantum Wonderland I cant believe that said Alice
Quantum Wonderland “I can‘t believe that!” said Alice. “Can’t you? ” the Queen. “Try again: draw a long breath and shut your eyes. ” Alice laughed. “There‘s no use trying, ” she said: “one can’t believe impossible things. ” “I say you haven‘t had much practice, ” said the Queen. “When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast” (Lewis 127).
What is the world made of? What holds it together? Fundamental Constituent Structure Of the material nature
John Dalton 1766 -1844 John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808).
Ernst Mach No statement in natural science is admissible unless it is empirically verifiable. 實證論 Positivism 只有能觀察的才算數! 馬赫不認為原子是可實證可觀察的,因此也是無必要的!
微觀世界無法直接觀察到,它真的存在嗎? 只有能觀察的才算數! Brownian Motion Perrin 1913 Robert Brown, 植物學家 1773– 1858 the motion of colloidal particles of radius 0. 53µm, as seen under the microscope,
Albert Einstein, 1905
J. J. Thomson 英國
但事不從人願! Rutherford 1910
Spectrum of Hydrogen Spectrum of Iron
Hα Hβ OIII
Balmer Series of H
Transit ion of n 3→ 2 4→ 2 5→ 2 6→ 2 7→ 2 8→ 2 9→ 2 Name H-α H-β H-γ H-δ H-ε H-ζ H-η Wavel ength (nm) [2] 656. 3 486. 1 434. 1 410. 2 397. 0 388. 9 383. 5 Red Bluegreen Violet Color → 2 364. 6 (Ultrav iolet) RH is the Rydberg Constant for hydrogen Why?
Lyman Series
Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series Brackett series Pfund series Humphreys series
Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series Brackett series 氫原子的光譜 Pfund series Humphreys series
1922 Nobel Prize
Quantum Wonderland Alice laughed. “There‘s no use trying, ” she said: “one can’t believe impossible things. ” “I dare say you haven‘t had much practice, ” said the Queen. “When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast” (Lewis 127).
1936
Heisenberg and Pauli
Physics is now very confused again, anyway it’s too difficult for me and I wish I am a movie comedian and had never heard of physics. I only hope that Bohr will save us with some new idea. Pauli Now everything is in Heisenberg’s hands, to find a way out of the difficulties. Bohr
在迷惑中,1925夏天Heisenberg逃到Helgoland島!
"Everything is still vague and unclear to me, but it seems as if the electrons will no more move on orbits. " The present paper seeks to establish a basis for theoretical quantum mechanics founded exclusively upon relationships between quantities which in principle are observable.
October 1925 Pauli 用表格法算出了氫原子能階。 Heisenberg’s form completely avoids a mechanicalkinematic visualization of the motion of electrons! Pauli
But. . . Oops! What?
? ? I knew of Heisenberg’s theory, but I felt discouraged, not to say repelled, by the methods o transcendental algebra, which appeared difficult to me, and lacked of visualizability. Schrodinger 1926
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