quaestio How can chronological reasoning skills be used

quaestio: How can chronological reasoning skills be used to better understand historical events? NUNC agenda: Working as a group, discuss WHY we study history, with everyone contributing, and have a group member go up to the board to add at least one idea that isn’t already there.

quaestio: How can chronological reasoning skills be used to better understand historical events? NUNC agenda: Working as a group, try to come to an agreement on a definition/ explanation for your group’s assigned term 1. Chronology 2. Causation 3. Continuity 4. Turning Point 5. Periodization 6. Enduring Issue 7. Contextualization 8. Synthesis

time traveling • Chronology: the sequential order in which past events occur • Timeline: a graphic representation of the passage of time as a line – Similar to a number line in numbering and spacing with events PLOTTED along the line where they occur (not just a list of events along a line!) • Scope and Scale: What type of content and how much time are included

Timeline of History of the Universe

Timeline of History of Planet Earth

Timeline of History of Human Beings

Timeline of History of Human Civilization Ancient Middle Classical. Ages Modern 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 B C B C 1 C E 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 C E

time is on my side • A Few Different Calendars – Hijri (Islamic): Dhul Hijjah 6, 1437 – Chinese: Wei 9, 4714 – Hebrew (Jewish): Elul 6, 5776 – Julian: August 27, 2016 – Gregorian: September 9, 2016

time is on my side Old Style – Found in some readings BC = Before Christ AD = Anno Domini (in the year of our lord) 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 A D 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

time is on my side Modern Style – Used in our class BCE = Before Common/Christian Era CE = Common/Christian Era 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 C E 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

chronological reasoning

causation • Causation = Relationship between cause and effect • Correlation DOES NOT prove Causation – If one thing happens alongside or following another thing, it MIGHT point to causation, but more evidence is needed to prove it – “I just tried Taro Bubble Tea for the first time, and now I feel sick. ” – “There are less pirates on the seas than in the past, and more global warming…”

causation • Distinguish between Long Term vs Short Term – World War I: Long Term Cause = Industrialization & Nationalism – World War I: Short Term Cause = Assassination of Austrian Archduke – Global Warming: Short Term Effect = Hotter Summers – Global Warming: Long Term Effect = Mass Extinction?

causation • Common Words used to Indicate – Cause: reason, factor, historical circumstances, motivation, X led to – Effect: impact, influence, result, outcome, led to X

six major themes • Categorizing Cause and Effect – Political: governments/states, leadership, territory, military, war, diplomacy – Economic: wealth, trade/commerce, production, distribution, prices – Social: society, interaction, often combined as in. . . • Socio-Economic (ex: social class inequality, employment) • Socio-Political (ex: participation in government) • Socio-Cultural (ex: immigrants maintaining traditions)

causation • Categorizing Cause and Effect – Cultural: customs, traditions, music, art, food, values • Religious/Philosophical/Ideological: beliefs and ways of thinking – Technological: metallurgy, tools, weapons, transportation, defense – Environmental/Geographic: resources, climate, location, natural disaster

continuity and change over time • Continuity and Change Over Time: How things remain the same. . . and/or change. . . over time

turning points • Turning Points are major events or changes that hold special importance in history because of the impact that cause or the significance they hold by people • Turning points are like season finale bomb shells – – – They are a really big deal, at least the show you’re watching They cause a major TURN in the storyline They often open up a new chapter in the story You wouldn’t waste them mid-season They make you say “Oh man! What’s gonna happen now? !”

periodization • • • Periodization: Dividing history into periods Can never be done perfectly because history is complex Different models based on different aspects of history – Before and after turning points (“The Middle Ages”) – Changes in technology (Stone Age, Iron Age, Computer Age) – Can be global or region-specific (Roman: Kingdom, Republic, Empire)

enduring issues • Enduring Issues are issues (very vague and broad) that endure (last over time) • Basically, they are common themes or trends that can be identified in different time periods and different parts of the world • The Enduring Issues essay on the Regents exam asks you to identify Enduring Issues across multiple documents as the basis of your essay

making connections • Once you understand the chronology of an historical event, you can gain a deeper understanding by • Comparing: Identifying similarities and differences with other historical events or even other perspectives on the same event • Contextualizing: Understanding the surrounding circumstances of an event • Synthesizing: Use those insights to make connections between different times and places and draw conclusions based on those connections

Chronological Reasoning Read two scenarios and for each, 1. List the causes and effects 2. Label each cause and effect with the appropriate category (put the initials in parentheses) 3. Identify examples of continuity and examples of change from before and after the main event 4. Pick the best period name 5. Come up with enduring issue found in the story ( S ) Social ( P ) Political ( I ) Interaction w/ Environment ( C ) Cultural ( E ) Economic ( T ) Technological