QOD 312 As the turning point of the

QOD 3/12 • As the turning point of the Civil Rights Movement, how did the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott influence other events during the Civil Rights Movement?

The Movement Gains Ground Focus Question: How did the civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960 s?

Impact of Bus Boycott • The Montgomery Bus Boycott influenced African Americans in other Southern states and cities to fight for desegregation • Methods used: – Boycott – Sit-ins -Courts -Protests -Marches • ALL RELY ON NON-VIOLENCE • Many protests lead by youth- WHY?

The Sit-In Movement What do you see here? Describe the people. Why aren’t they eating? What are they doing? How do you think other Southerners would react to this? Is this an effective protest Against segregation?

Sit-Ins Challenge Segregation February 1, 1960: Greensboro, NC • Four African-Americans ordered doughnuts at Woolworth’s lunch counter in North Carolina • Were not served-”White Only” lunch counter • Stayed until closing time • Word of sit-in spread • Happened across the country • Also, read-ins, wrote letters, protested

Youth Participation Significance: Marked the beginning of a new militancy, vigorously active and aggressive, especially in support of a cause 175 students met at Shaw University to build on momentum

SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Led to founding of new civil Rights organization—SNCC Led to Ella Baker Goal: to create a grassroots Movement involving all classes of African-Americans

The Freedom Rides What do you see here? What do you think happened? Who were the bus’ passengers? Who might bomb a bus of riders nonviolently protesting segregation? How might the protestors have felt after their bus was bombed?

Freedom Rides--1961 • Next Battleground– Interstate Transportation • Why transportation? – Federal Power

Transportation Boynton v. Virginia-1960 • Supreme Court Case • Segregation on interstate buses and waiting rooms, illegal • Infringement of Interstate Commerce • Activists wanted to test willingness to enforce the law– provoke the federal government to enforce the law

Freedom Rides 1961: CORE, Congress of Racial Equality, stages “freedom ride”through deep south En route: defied segregation codes In Alabama: Violent turn Pro-segregationists fire Bombed bus, riders attacked by mob

President John F. Kennedy Elected in 1960 Worked with Martin Luther King Mississippi state police would protect freedom riders Federal Transportation Commission issued an order desegregating interstate transportation Kennedy Administration agreed NOT to intervene if protestors were arrested

QOD 3/17 • What was the purpose of the Freedom Ride Protests?

Ole’ Miss • 1962 - James Meredith – Air Force vet. – Wants to attend Ole’ Miss – All white school – Miss. Governor says NO – Federal Marshalls escort Meredith – Riots break out

Demonstrations in Birmingham What do you see here? What is the African-American man doing? The police officer? Why is the police officer allowing the dog to attack the man? What do you think he has done? How do you think the police Officer feels about this?

Demonstrations in Birmingham Martin Luther King and other leaders targeted Birmingham in spring of 1963. • Most segregated city in the south • Began with sit-ins, led to demonstrations on city hall • 150 demonstrators arrested • King was arrested and brought to jail on Good Friday- Why symbolic?

King Arrested Defended protestors actions Criticized harsh tactics and broken promises “When you suddenly find your tongue twisted…to seek to explain to your 6 yr. old daughter why she can’t go to the amusement park… (because) Funtown is closed to colored children. . . ” Released from prison

Other Marches— The Children’s March

3/18 • QOD: (Recap) Why did Civil Rights leaders and activists hold protests in Birmingham, Alabama?

Kennedy Backs Civil Rights June 11, 1963: • National address • Civil rights was a moral issue • America had to fulfill its promise of “giving all Americans equal right and equal opportunities • Sent Congress proposal for sweeping civil rights legislation • Attorney General Robert Kennedy for passage of the bill

March on Washington • Purpose: Pressure Congress to pass a new civil rights bill “ I have a dream…”

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing in Birmingham • Violence still continues • KKK bombed SCLC church, killing four girls

Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned segregation • Gave federal gov’t ability to desegregate schools • Allowed Attorney General to prosecute those who violated people’s civil rights • Outlawed discrimination in employment • Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) » President Kennedy assassinated before this bill was passed

Not the First Time… • President Eisenhower also created a Civil Rights Act in 1957 • However, this Civil Rights Act had many flaws – Focused mainly on voting – Never really enforced – Even if it were to be enforced it would have been brought before an all white jury in the South • Still significant because it was the first Civil Rights bill passed since Reconstruction & it set the tone for the Civil Rights Act of 1964