Qing Dynasty 1644 1905 ish What did China

Qing Dynasty (1644 -1905 ish): What did China look like? o Qing Dynasty n n o Founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted Rebellions took place periodically for decades Manchus slowly earned respect n n Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

Qing Dynasty: Kangxi (1661 -1722) o o o Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes Gained support of intellectuals by offering them government positions Jesuits told him of European achievements in science, medicine, and math

Qing Dynasty: Isolation Continues o Those that wished to trade with China had to follow certain rules: n n n Trade at special ports Tribute “Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor & touching head to ground 9 times) “There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures. ” - Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

Qing Dynasty: Cultural Developments o o Traditional forms Valued technique over creativity Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain) Drama was popular because literacy rates were low n Chinese history & cultural heroes

Japan: Oda Nobunaga (1568 -1582) o o - Oda Nobunaga Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies 1575 – 3, 000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry n o “Rule the empire by force. ” This was important because it was the 1 st time firearms were used effectively in battle in Japan Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)

Tokugawa Shogunate: Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603 -1616) o Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara n o 1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun) n n o His victory earned him the loyalty of the daimyo throughout Japan Moved the capital to Edo (later Tokyo) He enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword The Tokugawa Shogunate became a military form of government

Tokugawa Shogunate: Policy of Isolation o 1639 n n n The shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries & merchants So, they sealed Japan’s borders, except for the port city of Nagasaki Commercial contacts with the Europeans ended o o For 200+ years, Japan remained closed & citizens could not leave, isolating Japan from the rest of the world Japan continued to develop self-sufficiently

Tokugawa Japan: Cultural Developments o o Culture was very traditional New types of fiction emerged n o Haiku n o Realistic stories about self-made merchants or the hardships of life Type of poetry – images, not ideals Kabuki theater n Skits about modern life

General Causes of Population Increase in both China & Japan o o Agriculture Improved n Irrigation & fertilizer use increased Farmers produced more food Nutrition improved, which led to new crops – corn and sweet potatoes (from Europe)** People lived longer, families expanded **Columbian Exchange

Impact of Population Growth on Social Structure: Qing China o Sons were favored n n n o Only sons were allowed to perform religious rituals Raised his own family under parents’ roof - helped aging parents on farm Females were not valued – many infants girls were killed Role of Women n n Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, and managed family finances Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers

Impact on Social Structure: Tokugawa Japan o Societal Structure n n n o * Confucian values important Emperor – top rank (figurehead only) Actual ruler was shogun – military commander Daimyo – landholding samurai *Farmers made Samurai warriors ideal citizens Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans Merchants Role of Women n n With rise of commercial centers, found jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives

Warm-Up – Use notes to answer… Who was the first ruler to use firearms effectively in battle in Japan? q q Tokugawa Ieyasu Kangxi Oda Nobunaga Hirohito The Tokugawa Shogunate was a type of q q Cultural institution Military government Religious authority Commercial partnership or organization

• Seppuku-the honorable method of taking one’s own life practiced by men of the samurai (military) class in feudal Japan. • The proper method was to plunge a short sword into the left side of the abdomen, draw the blade across to the right, and then turn it upward. It was considered exemplary form to stab again below the chest and press downward across the first cut, and then to pierce one’s throat. • There were two kinds of seppuku: voluntary and obligatory.