Qin Chin Dynasty 221 206 B C E
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221 -206 B. C. E. z Established China’s first empire z Shi Huangdi (221 -206 B. C. E) z Legalist rule Bureaucratic administration Ø Centralized control Ø Military expansion Ø Book burnings targeted Confucianists § Buried protestors alive! Ø z Built large section of the. Great Wall
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221 -206 B. C. E. z Forced nobles to stay at the capital z Expanded into Vietnam z Created government work projects z Irrigation z Roads z The Great Wall z Helped expand trade z Standarized coins, wieghts and measures z Built roads -standarized length of axles on carts
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen
Cavalry
Individual Soldiers
The Details of an Individual Soldier
The Great Wall with Towers
The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass
Han Dynasty, 206 B. C. E. -220 C. E. z “People of the Han” original Chinese z Paper invented [105 B. C. E. ] z Began to work with Iron z Public Works Projects Built Canals z Expanded irrigation z z Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many z Buddhism introduced into China z Expanded into Central Asia, Korea, SE Asia
Han – Roman Empire Connection
Chang’an The Han Capital
Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!
Emperor Wudi, 141 -87 B. C. E. z Started public schools. z Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam. z Civil service system Ø bureaucrats Ø Confucian scholar-gentry z Revival of Chinese landscape painting.
Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House
Ceramics, Later Han Period
Trade Routes of the Ancient World
Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road
Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia
Sui Dynasty, 581 -618 C. E. z “Land Equalization” System land redistribution. z Unified coinage. z Grand Canal constructed. z Established an army of professional soldiers. Ø People were overworked and overtaxed!
The Grand Canal
The Grand Canal Today
Tang Dynasty, 618 -907 C. E. z Imperial examination system perfected. z Liberal attitude towards all religions. Ø Spread of Buddhism in China z Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. Ø Japan, Korea, Persia
Tang Government Organization
Tang Dynasty, 618 -907 C. E. z New technologies: Printing moveable print Ø Porcelain Ø Gunpowder Ø Mechanical clocks Ø z More cosmopolitan culture. z Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. z Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.
Empress Wu Zetian, 624 -705 z The only female Empress in China’s z z history who ruled alone. Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court. Construction of new irrigation systems. Buddhism was the favored state religion. Ø Financed the building of many Buddhist temples. BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.
Foot-Binding in Tang China v Broken toes by 3 years of age. v Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.
Foot-Binding in Tang China v For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.
The Results of Foot-Binding
Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E. z Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. z Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. z Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
Song Peasant Family
Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
Song Rice Cultivation
Mongolian Steppes
Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”
Mongol Invasions
Mongol Warriors
Mongol Archer
Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13 c
Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13 c
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] z Temujin -->Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 Ø from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia] Ø
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] z Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: Ø If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. Ø If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. Ø If you do not have children, we will take your wife. Ø If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. z Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!
Mongol Nobleman, late 13 c
Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14 c
Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 c
The Extent of the Mongol Empire
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279 -1368 C. E. z Kublai Khan [r. 1260 -1294] Ø Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] § Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them. § No Chinese in top govt. posts. § Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. § Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. ü Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254 -1324) z A Venetian merchant. z Traveled through Yuan China: 1271 -1295 Ø “Black Stones” [coal] Ø Gunpowder. Ø Noodles.
Marco Polo’s Travels
Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics
Yuan Dynasty, 1279 -1368 C. E. z The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14 c. z Sent fleets against Japan. Ø 1281 150, 000 warriors Ø Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”] z Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.
China’s last native imperial dynasty!
The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital
Revived the Civil Service Exam
Ming Cultural Revolution z Printing & Literacy Ø Cheap, popular books: § woodblock printing. § cheap paper. Examination system. Ø Leads to explosion in literacy. Ø Leads to further popularization of the commercial market. Ø z Culture & Art Ø Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things: § § Literature. Painting. Ceramics. Opera.
Ming Silver Market z Spanish Silver Convoys Triangle route: § Philippines to China to Japan. Ø Silver floods Chinese Market: § Causes devaluation of currency & recession § Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas. § Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe § Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe. Ø Ø Helps fund conquest of New World Ø Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.
Ming Dynasty, 1368 -1644 C. E. z Golden Age of Chinese Art Ø Moderation Ø Softness Ø Gracefulness z Three different schools of painting developed. z Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.
Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368 -1398)
The Tribute System
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) z Ming “Treasure Fleet” Ø Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371 -1435
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) z China’s “Columbus? ”
Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages z First Voyage: 1405 -1407 [62 ships; 27, 800 men]. z Second Voyage: 1407 -1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. z Third Voyage: 1409 -1411 [48 ships; 30, 000 men]. z Fourth Voyage: 1413 -1415 [63 ships; 28, 500 men]. z Fifth Voyage: 1417 -1419 z Sixth Voyage: 1421 -1422 Ø Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work. z Seventh Voyage: 1431 -1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam Ø 100 ships and 27, 500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip. Ø
z 1498 -->Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.
Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17 c– 18 c
Ming Vases, 18 c
Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15 c
Ming Scroll Painting “Travellers in Autumn Mountains”
Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”
Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16 c
Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16 c
Imperial China’s Impact on History z Removed religion from morality. z Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate. Ø Mandate of Heaven z Secular law. z Valued history The Dynastic Cycle
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