Punctuation Punctuation Punctuation Punctuation Question Marks Ends an

Punctuation? “Punctuation” Punctuation! Punctuation…

Question Marks? Ends an interrogative sentence When is the homework due? Is NOT used for an indirect question The instructor asked if the students had questions. I wonder if we will have homework. http: //grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/grammar/marks/question. htm

Discuss: Did you go to school today ___ The teacher asked if James had done the homework ___ He will be coming, won’t he ___ Dan asked if Robbie would come to his house ___ When is the homework due ___

“Quotation Marks” Indicate exactly what a speaker said Indicate exactly what was printed in a resource Indicate exactly what information is required Indicate parts of a whole Can be used to draw special attention to a word or phrase* Can be used to indicate sarcasm or irony* *LIMIT these uses in essays

“Quotation Marks” In the United States, periods and commas almost always go inside quotation marks. “Be careful what you ask for, ” my father used to say. My father used to tell me, “Be careful what you ask for. ” http: //grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/grammar/marks/quotation. htm

Exactly what the speaker said “Remember to do all of the questions, ” said the teacher. The teacher said, “Remember to do all of the questions. ”

Exactly what was printed in a resource According to the syllabus the professor does, “not differentiate between excused and unexcused absences. ” Student Responsibilities / Commitment to Learning: Your success in this class is dependent on showing up on time and prepared for each class. I do not differentiate between excused and unexcused absences. Three tardies will equal one absence. Six absences can result in the student being dropped from the class. Refer to the Student Handbook for further information. Please do not come late or leave early without permission of the instructor.

Exactly what information is required To find the homework, go to the class Weebly and click “Drug & Alcohol Issues – Homework – Weeks 3 & 4” under the “Units/Themes and Homework” tab.

Parts of a whole A “Chapter” of a Book Have you read “The Letters from No One” in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone? An “Article” in a Magazine I read “Of Mice and Men and Medicines” in last month’s Discover. A “Song” on an Album Alice in Chains played “Man in the Box” from their album Facelift. An “Episode” of a Show “Bears Will Be Bears” was last week’s episode of Grimm.

Draw special attention to a word or phrase Do not use slang such as “dork” or “cuffs” in your writing; use a more standard form of what you mean. http: //www. manythings. org/slang/

Sarcasm or irony The great march of “progress” has left millions impoverished and hungry. Air bunnies Unnecessary quotation marks The wi-fi is “free. ” The sidewalk is “closed. ” http: //www. unnecessaryquotes. com/

Periods. Indicates the end of a declarative sentence I will be in class. Follows initials John F. Kennedy Follows most abbreviations The elephant was eight ft. tall. Do not abbreviate in final drafts! Follows numerals when writing lists or outlines 1. check for proper heading information 2. check for Commonly Confused Words

Exclamation Marks! Ends an exclamatory sentence That was fun! Indicates intense emotion I could just scream! One is plenty *LIMIT or do not use these in essays

Ellipsis… Nearly always three periods Indicates words have been left out of a quote “I pledge allegiance to…America. ” Indicates a continuation of a pattern A is for apple, B is for bear, C is for cat… Only use four periods if the information left out is at the end of the quoted material The fourth is for the period! “I pledge allegiance to the flag…. ”

Apostrophes Show possession That is Stephanie’s bike. It belongs to Stephanie. Those are the boys’ bikes. The bikes belong to the boys. Those are the boy’s bikes. The bikes belong to the boy. Hand trick! http: //www. chomp. com/handouts. htm http: //www. chomp. com/exercises. htm

Apostrophes Show contractions* can‘t = cannot didn‘t = did not shouldn‘t = should not ‘ 98 = 1998 *Do NOT use contractions in final papers!

Semicolons; Used to join to independent clauses (complete sentences) These clauses must be closely related in meaning No need to capitalize the first word in the second clause (unless it’s a proper noun) Use as variety, not every time Theoatmeal. com/comics/semicolon

Semicolons; Means the same thing as: A period , and , but , so , or I know there are two complete sentences here; they’re related, and I like them this way!

Semicolons; Adverb conjunctions ; although, ; furthermore, ; however, ; nevertheless, ; otherwise, ; consequently, ; instead,

Commas, Comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses I know there are two complete sentences They are related I like them that way Functions like a semicolon or period

Commas, Sets off introductory phrases from complete part of sentence More often when the phrase comes first -ing To + verb Those subordinate clause words (after, while, unless, when, once, because, even if, that, etc. )

Commas, Are used to separate items in a series The last comma is called the Oxford comma; it is considered optional, but is often necessary ex

Commas, To set off unnecessary, added information Act like hooks – the information can be taken out and it does not affect the structure or meaning of the sentence

Commas, Separate coordinating adjectives *if you can put “and” in between the adjectives, you probably need the comma(s) The tall, good-looking man held the door. (He is tall and good-looking – makes sense) The little old lady shuffled through. (She is a little and old lady – sounds weird, so no comma)

Commas, With quoted material Order is important! “The question is, ” Dr. Sans remarked, “if you choose to apply yourself. ” Dr. Sans remarked, “The question is if you choose to apply yourself. ” “The question is if you choose to apply yourself, ” remarked Dr. Sans.

Commas, To avoid confusion In Colorado ski resorts are highly popular.

Commas, To avoid confusion In Colorado, ski resorts are highly popular.

Commas, To separate streets, cities, and states Please deliver the package to 1843 W. 17 th, Stillwater, Oklahoma, by Thursday. In dates (after the month and day and before the rest of the sentence) Thursday, September 21, 2012, was the last day to report. To separate titles as part of a person’s name The text was quoted by Arthur Sims, Ph. D. Within numbers The cost of the tests totaled $13, 938.

Commas, For any question, a first tactic to apply is to READ the sentence OUT LOUD to listen for a pause Make sure the pause is not a reading error (Consider rephrasing the sentence if it is challenging) Make sure the pause does not need to be a period (Are there two complete thoughts? ) http: //www. lhsonline. org/Tutorials/Comma. Essentials_print. html

Colons: Introduces lists Students must attend the following events: classes, video viewings, and presentations. The catch is that it cannot read like a sentence without the colon. Students must attend classes, video viewings, and presentations. Watch word: “following” the following, of the following, including the following, etc. http: //grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/grammar/marks/colon. htm

Colons: Introduce excerpts and long quotations As Abraham Lincoln wrote in the Gettysburg Address: “Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. ” Separates hours from minutes* 4: 15 Punctuates the greeting in a formal or business letter Dear Ms. President: *but write out on the hour times Meet at three o’clock.

(Parentheses) Not used often in writing As an aside Period placement is important Please read the assigned homework. (The link is posted on the Weebly. ) Please read the assigned homework (on the Weebly).

(Parentheses) For in-text citation The article sought to “engage readers and encourage discussion” among educators (Smith 42). The information in the parenthetical citation varies based on the format (MLA, APA, etc. ) http: //www. grammarbook. com/grammar_quiz/question_marks_1. asp

Hyphens In some compound nouns Eye-opener In two or more adjectives when they come before a noun and act as a single idea Friendly-looking man Numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine Thirty-two Spelled-out fractions One-third If you are not sure, it is best to consult the dictionary.

Hyphens Prefixes before proper nouns un-American When the prefix ends with the same vowel that begins the root word Ultra-ambitious De-emphasize Self- (except selfish and selfless) Self-assured With ex Ex-girlfriend

Dashes - Comprised of two hyphen strokes Use sparingly For emphasis You are the class – the next class – that will change the world. Commas would work, but the dash adds emphasis (dramatic pause)