Punctuation Back to Grammar Question Marks Back to

Punctuation Back to Grammar Question Marks Back to Punctuation Colons Exclamation Marks Semi-Colons Full Stops Speech Marks Commas

Grammar Back to Punctuation Nouns Chunks of Meaning Adverbs Complex Sentences Auxiliary Verbs Improving Sentences Adjectives Connectives

Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Creating Complex Sentences Splicing is when you join two sentences together without using a conjunction, semi-colon or even a full stop and capital letter. HINT: Listen out for a pause when the sentence is read. e. g. David dragged his heels to the shop he was in a foul mood. (splice) David dragged his heels to the shop, he was in a foul mood. (comma splice) David dragged his heels to the shop because he was in a foul mood. (corrected with conjunction) David dragged his heels to the shop; he was in a foul mood. (corrected with semi-colon) David dragged his heels to the shop. He was in a foul mood. (corrected with new sentence)

Creating Complex Sentences Splicing is most commonly caused by using pronouns incorrectly. Common pronouns are: I, you, it, she, we, they… Common conjunctions are: and, but, although, even though, yet, because, until, whereas, despite, whilst, so, since, as, after, so that, before, once, which…

Creating Complex Sentences Now correct these sentences using a different technique or conjunction each time. 1) Ali stepped cautiously onto the pad he couldn’t believe what he saw. 2) “It’s amazing!” exclaimed Anna she was completely taken aback. 3) I think it would be better to go home now we need to go to bed. 4) Adam was extremely pleased with his work Beth was completely disgusted.

Creating Complex Sentences What is a complex sentence? A complex sentence is a two or more sentences joined together. They usually start with a compound sentence (2 sentences joined), but with added detail, using extra punctuation. HINT: That last sentence was complex!

Creating Complex Sentences We can add more detail to a sentence by adding a new phrase with commas, brackets or dashes. Have a look at the example below. Example: • It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan paced towards the pier. • It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan, with his prize held high, paced towards the pier. • It was a beautiful summer’s day (probably the hottest that year) as Alan paced towards the pier. • It was a beautiful summer’s day as Alan paced -with a bounce in his step - towards the pier.

Creating Complex Sentences Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation We can add more information to a sentence by adding an embedded clause. For example… The girl chose a good book becomes The girl, who was sitting in the library, chose a good book. Have a go at completing some more of these.

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs ed k r a B

Clauses subject verb the big dog was barking At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house. • Words and phrases go together to make clauses • A clause must always have a verb in • It may also have other chunks, but as long as there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single clause • Clauses can be put together to make compound or complex sentences.

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog ed k r a B Big Phrases was barking in t he g ard en Clauses subject verb the big dog was barking g o d g bi e h t

Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Phrases in t was barking he g ard en Clauses d e k r Ba Big subject og d g i b e h t verb the big dog was barking Sentences At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

Commas can also affect meaning Sentence Slow, children crossing. • Go slowly there are children crossing the road. Sentence Slow children crossing. • This is just describing that there a group of slow children crossing something.

Let’s Practice Our teacher Mr Elliot like’s Tortoises a lot. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation The human body is a fantastic thing which we really take for granted but should really take more care of. School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be boring. The man ran down the hallway noticing the people behind him. When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that can turn into nightmares. She looked around wondering if anyone was following her when she saw a shadow behind her.

Semi-colons Where should they go? ;

Colons and Semi-colons Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength. . : ; , The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

Semi-colon A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one.

Here’s how The door swung open; a masked figure strode in. He never took any exercise; consequently he became very fat. At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords and daggers; a lion who stood on a ball; a fire eater with flashing eyes; and an eight year old acrobat. She was very tired; she had worked late the night before.

Have a go! Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation 1. The rabbit had been sadly neglected it was in an awful state. 2. John opened the drawer it was empty. 3. The wedding invitations have all been sent out two hundred guests are expected. 4. Tom was very clever and worked hard he deserved to pass all his Sats. 5. Sally’s birthday is in November John’s is in September.

Colons Where should they go? :

Colons and Semi colons Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

Each punctuation mark has a certain strength. . : ; , The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.

Colon A colon can sometimes be used to introduce lists. You need the following ingredients: eggs, butter, flour, sugar and milk.

Colons Are used in plays. Tom: Don’t forget to lock the door. Lisa: I won’t. Tom: And close all the windows.

Colons Can be used before direct speech, instead of a comma. To my amazement, I heard Mary say: “I am never coming back. ”

Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation Have a go! 1. I think I have remembered everything, string, nails, plywood, hammer and pliers. 2. Remember the saying “A stitch in time saves nine. ” 3. All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw, screwdriver and wire cutters. 4. I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English and Maths. 5. Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the Giant Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits. 6. I shall never forget his advice “If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all. ”

Negative Prefixes A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or to a word root to change its meaning. For example adding un to pleasant becomes unpleasant. It makes the original word an antonym (its opposite) Try these: Move the un to the root word and see what antonym you get Un pleasant dress decided cooked acceptable did

Choose negative prefixes from the box to make each of these words into antonyms. word roots justice polite approve behave possible sufficient literate colour trust honest In dis mis im il Can you think of any more examples of antonyms containing these negative prefixes? Does it change its spelling in each case?

Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On your whiteboards write these word roots to make antonyms. Work in pairs. Antonym using negative Word prefix Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation experience logical mature regular possible complete legal reversible Show me your Whiteboards. How did you get on? What did you learn?

Their, There and They’re

Their • Belonging to them

There • Over there

They’re • They are

Which one? • How often do they tidy _____ mess up? Never!

Which one? • How often do they tidy their mess up? Never!

Which one? • _____ legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

Which one? • Their legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

Which one? • The Science Books are over _____.

Which one? • The Science Books are over there.

Which one? • “_____” over _____!” shouted Mr Studd.

Which one? • “They’re” over there!” shouted Mr Studd.

Which one? • _____ lazy! That is ______ rubbish over _____. .

Which one? • They’re lazy! That is their rubbish over there. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Punctuation Making Sense of Writing

Capital Letters • We need these to begin a new Back to sentence. Grammar • For proper nouns which are the names of people, places, book and film titles. Back to Punctuation • Can you think of any proper nouns which need a capital letter?

Proper Nouns Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation • Jenny, who lived in King Street, Manchester, had a pet frog who liked to jump in the air. She wrote a book about it called The Leaping Frog.

Why do we need full stops? Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation • Full stops are needed to divide up sentences so that we know where to pause. • They are used when we have finished saying one thing, and we are going on to say something else.

Can you spot where we need full stops? • Sean was eating a large pizza he was getting fed up with it he Back to Grammar decided to give the rest to the dog was happy Back to Punctuation

Commas • We need commas to separate items in a list. • She had a ham sandwich, a drink, a jelly, and a chocolate bar for lunch.

Any other reason for commas? • We also use commas to separate Back to clauses in complex sentences. Grammar • The boy was playing with a football, which had been signed Back to by Wayne Rooney. Punctuation

Question marks • Of course we use question marks Back to when a question is asked. This Grammar often occurs when characters use speech. Back to Punctuation Can you all hear me?

Speech marks • We let the reader know when someone is speaking by putting speech marks around the spoken Back to Grammar words. • “I will be on TV some day, ” announced Jimmy. “ Just you Back to Punctuation wait and see. ”

Exclamation marks! • Exclamation marks are used to Back to emphasise meaning. It could be Grammar to : • Give a word more strength Back to Punctuation • Show someone is shouting • Add a sense of urgency HELP!

What shall we do now? • First you must use capitals and full stops. Read it out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence. • Have you used a capital for proper nouns? • Check if you have long sentences or lists that need dividing up with commas. • Have you used any questions? What do you need? • Have you shown when a character is speaking? • Do you wish to emphasise any words?

CHECK PUNCTUATION. • You will all have a punctuation check list. • Use it every time you do a piece of writing. C. , ? “ ___” !

The Mighty Apostrophe

The apostrophe has 2 functions 1. To replace missing letters in contractions. 2. To show that something belongs to someone. (possession)

Contractio ns

I am I’m

We are We’re

He is He’s

Now try contracting these words. • Can not • She had • They are • He will • We have • Can’t • She’d • They’re • He’ll • We’ve

Possession

Apostrophes can also be used to show that something belongs to someone else. Mr Elliot’s chair .

Have a go at putting the apostrophes in the right place. • The pencil case that belonged to Megan. • • • Back to Punctuation • • Back to Grammar Megan’s pencil case. The drink that belonged to Jack’s drink. The book that belonged to Tiarna’s book The rubber that belonged to Charles’ rubber

Improving sentences Objective – to improve sentences by adding: • adjectives • adverbs • a prepositional phrase • an embedded clause • an –ing and –ed clause.

Our basic sentence A dog barked .

Adding adjectives What is an adjective and what is its job? To describe the noun A describing word The dog barked. The adjective goes before the noun. The ferocious dog barked. The scruffy dog barked. The aggravated dog barked Now it’s your turn. Add an adjective. The---------dog barked

Adding adverbs What is an adverb? What does it do? Tells you how something is being done It qualifies the verb The ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked excitedly. Now it’s your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an adverb to your already improved sentence.

Adding a prepositional phrase What is a prepositional phrase ? It tells you where or when something happened Some examples are: on, in, under, by, after, through, during, beside They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. The ferocious dog barked noisily. All through the night the ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, in the back of the car, barked noisily. Can you add a prepositional phrase to the beginning or end of your sentence?

Embedding a clause – a sandwich sentence Adding in information between commas using who, which, that, with. Use commas as the two slices of bread and then put in the filling – extra information. Put a , after the noun you are giving more information about then the filling and close the sandwich with another , The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog , who was trying to scare away the burglars , barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, that had just been injected, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Embed a clause into your sentence.

Adding an –ing or –ed clause The dog , This is just another type of clause that you can embed in your sentence. The clause you embed begins with an –ing or an –ed word. Put the , after the noun you are giving more information about and after the filling! running around in circles , barked. The dog, teased by the children , barked.

Putting it altogether! Here’s what we started with – The dog barked. And here’s our improved sentence! The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Let’s hear some of your examples…

Working in pairs Choose a basic sentence for both of you to work with. Roll the dice and follow the instructions. Let your partner check your new sentence. Score: 1 point if you correctly add an adjective. 1 point if you correctly add an adverb 2 points if you correctly add a prepositional phrase 2 points if correctly embed a clause. Add up all the points if you get the chance to shine! The winner is the person with the highest number of points when time is called. On the dice – Sentences to improve – 1=add an adjective The boy ran. 2= add an adverb The sun shone. 3 = add a The horse galloped. prepositional The candle flickered. phrase The crowd cheered. 4= embed a clause. The cat climbed. The game

Time to show what you know! The wolf howled. Can you add an adverb? Can you add an adjective? Can you add a prepositional phrase? Can you embed a clause In your pairs, see if you can shine!

Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

Nouns Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the nouns. Click on the words to see if it’s a noun. Nouns noun not not noun

Verbs Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the verbs. Click on the words to see if it’s a verb. Verbs verb not not verb

Adjectives Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adjective. Click on the words to see if it’s a adjective. Adjective not adjective not

Adverbs Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adverbs. Click on the words to see if it’s an adverbs adverb not not adverb