Pump Primer Explain the three contemporary theories of

Pump Primer Explain the three contemporary theories of American democracy: pluralism elite and class theory hyperpluralism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy Fourteenth Edition Unit I Review Chapter 1 - Introducing Government in America Chapter 2 - The Constitution Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Begin to assess the central question to the course: How should the government govern? What policies would fulfill those goals of governance? Distinguish among the fundamental concepts of government, politics, and public policy. Describe the basic concept of the policymaking system Examine he three contemporary theories of American democracy pluralism, elitism and hyperpluralism Explain why the Constitution is sometimes called the “higher law. ” Compare European thought of Hobbs, Locke and Montesquieu to that of Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison Explain how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation laid the groundwork for the Constitution. Evaluate how the Constitutional Convention dealt with issues of equality Summarize the major compromises of the Constitutional Convention Describe the major issues between the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists in the debates over ratification of the Constitution Ascertain how constitution changes—both formal and informal—continue to shape and alter the Madisonian system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Examples of Pluralism, Elitism and Hyper. Pluralism C Wright Mill, Max Weber, etc. Ability to explain the policymaking system A person seeking to score at the next level must know the lower level(s). Advanced Level (5) Intermediate Knowledge (4) Basic Knowledge (3) Clear understanding of Pluralism, Elitism and Hyperpluralism Understanding of Democracy vs. Republic Can give basic examples of P, E, HP Understands the difference between policy and law Basic understanding of Pluralism, Elitism and Hyper-Pluralism Basic understanding of what a democracy iswhy America is a republic

Graph Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Graph When comparing voter turnouts in the presidential election for those 65+ to those under 25, we can see ultimately an increase in voters 65+ and a overall decrease in those under 25. Thereby, increasing the gap between the two voting groups when it comes to the presidential elections. Since 1972, the gap between citizens 65+ turning out to vote in the presidential elections has increased as compared to those under age 25, which have decreased. Over time there has been an increase in voter turnout for the presidential election for those elderly (65+) when compared to the decrease of those under 25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Government Definition: – Government is the institutions and processes through which public policies are made and enforced within or for a society. This definition leads to two basic questions: – How should we govern? – What should government do? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Governments Question to discuss: How should governments govern? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Government Individuals form governments for. . . Ø Ø Ø A More Perfect Union Establish Justice Insure Domestic Tranquility Provide for the Common Defense Promote the General Welfare Secure Liberty Sound familiar? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Government All national governments have certain functions in common: – National defense – Provide public services – Preserve order – Socialize the young – Collect taxes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Governments can be formed depending on how governmental power is distributed: Ø Unitary Government Ø Federal Government Ø Confederation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Governments can form depending on the relationship between the executive and legislative branches: Ø Presidential Government Ø Parliamentary Government Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Governments can form depending on the number of people who can participate in the governmental process: Ø Dictatorship Ø Totalitarianism ØDemocracy ØDirect ØRepresentative Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Politics Definition: – Politics is the process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies they produce—politics produces authoritative decisions about public issues. – Who gets what, when and how Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Politics Lasswell’s definition of politics: – The media usually focuses on the who – What refers to the substance of politics and government—benefits, such as medical care for the elderly, and burdens, such as new taxes. – How people participate in politics—people engage in politics for a variety of reasons and their activities in politics are collectively called political participation. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Politics Single-issue groups: groups which have very narrow interests, dislike compromise, single-mindedly pursue goals, and often draw in people new to politics. – Example: Anti-Vietnam War Activists, Gun Control, Abortion, etc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Political System A political system is a set of institutions and activities that link together government, politics, and public policy. Linkage Institutions are the political channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. – Political Parties – Elections – Media – Interest Groups Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

The Policymaking System Begins with “people. ” All Americans have – Interests – Problems – Concerns Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Policy Agenda Definition: The policy agenda are issues that attract the serious attention of public officials. A political issue arises when people disagree about a problem or about a public policy choice made to fix a problem. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Policymaking Institutions Definition: Policymaking institutions are the branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. – – Legislature (Congress) Executive (President) Courts (Federal and State) Bureaucracies (Federal and State) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Policies Impact People Public Policy: a choice that government makes in response to a political issue. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Policies Impact People Policy impacts are the effects that a policy has on people and on society’s problems. – Does it solve the problem? – Does it create more problems? Depending on the answer, policy impacts carry the political system back to its point of origin: the concerns of people. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Theories of U. S. Democracy Pluralist Theory – A theory of government and policies emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies – Multiple access points to our government – Bargaining and compromise are essential ingredients – Electoral majorities rarely rule Public interest will prevail through the bargaining and compromise Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Theories of U. S. Democracy Elite and Class Theory – A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization Not all groups are equal Policies benefit those with money and power Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Theories of U. S. Democracy Hyperpluralism (“pluralism gone sour”) – A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Groups control policy and prevent government from acting Difficulty in coordinating policy implementation Confusing and contradictory policies result from politicians trying to placate every group Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Individualism & Patriotism Individualism: the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government. – Defined: Citizens capable of taking care of themselves without, or with minimal, governmental assistance. – Highly valued in the United States with a strong preference for free markets and limited government. Patriotism: It is love and devotion to one’s country. – Nazi Germany taken to the extreme! Became unquestioning support leading to jingoism. – Christians need to have the proper perspective on patriotism. . . a spirit of thankfulness for the blessings of God’s grace. We need to passionately pray for our nation and our political leaders. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Constitution Defined: Basic political and legal structure defining the rules by which government operates. A nation's basic law. 1. It creates political institutions. 2. Assigns or divides powers in government. 3. Often provides certain guarantees to citizens. 4. Includes an unwritten accumulation of traditions and precedents. 5. Sets the broad rules of the game of politics. (It’s the final law of the land!) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

European vs. American European Hobbs Locke Montesquieu American to to to Hamilton - Fed #78 Jefferson - Decl. Madison - Fed #10 & 51 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Hobbs & Fed. #78 Human Nature – Hobb believed in restraining “man’s bestial tendencies” – Hamilton “Men love power” – Federalist 78 – The Judiciary • guards the Constitution from corrupt men • Life tenure in order to avoid any: – “danger of an improper complaisance” – “folly and wickedness of mankind” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Montesquieu & Fed. #10 & #51 Montesquieu: – Philosopher of the Enlightenment – Believed tyranny was a danger for any government • Preventable by “Separation of Powers” between different bodies of the executive, legislative and judicial powers. . (Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat) No. 10 - “The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection” (James Madison) No. 51 – “The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments” (James Madison) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Articles of Confederation Weaknesses no national power (rested in each individual state) – unicameral legislation – no president or national court system – no power to tax = no revenue – to change or amend need unanimous approval of the states – approval of laws had to be by 9 of the 13 states (majority) – no power to regulate commerce (trade) – states ignored the duty to the national government Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Articles of Confederation Lead to the downfall: – Economic Turmoil – Water Rights (Potomac River MD & VA) – Shay’s Rebellion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Constitutional Convention Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalists Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalists favored ratification – James Madison – Alexander Hamilton – John Jay – George Washington Anti-federalists opposed ratification – Patrick Henry – John Hancock – Samuel Adams – Thomas Jefferson Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

The Madisonian Model To prevent a tyranny (Federalist 10) of the majority, Madison proposed a government of: – Limiting Majority Control – Separating Powers – Creating Checks and Balances – Establishing a Federal System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

Constitutional Change Formal amendments change the language of the Constitution in accordance with the procedures outlined in Article V. - Proposal (2/3) - Ratification (3/4) Informally amended -The unwritten constitution-an unwritten body of tradition, practice, and procedure that, when altered, may change the spirit of the Constitution. - Political Parties - National Conventions - Judicial Review Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.