Pump Primer Explain how interest groups are different

Pump Primer Explain how interest groups are different from political parties? 10

Interest Groups 10

Biblical Integration 10 Christians must constantly be wary of violating Scriptural convictions in order to please others. John 12: 42 -43

Video: The Big Picture 10 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch 10_Interest_Groups_S eg 1_v 2. html

Learning Objectives 10 10. 1 Describe the role of interest groups in American politics 10. 2 Compare and contrast theories of pluralism, elitism, and hyperpluralism

Learning Objectives 10 10. 3 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena 10. 4 Assess the four basic strategies that interest groups use to try to shape policy

Learning Objectives 10. 5 10. 6 10 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns Evaluate how well Madison’s ideas for controlling the influence of interest groups have worked in practice

Video: The Basics 10 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 2_Interest. Groups_v 2. html

Role of Interest Groups Interest groups pursue policy goals n An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals Different from political parties n Do not run candidates n Policy specialists, not generalists 25, 000 interest groups Technology aids lobbying to reach both policy makers and the public 10. 1

10. 1 How many interest groups are there in the United States? a. 5, 000 b. 25, 000 c. 100, 000 d. 50, 000 10. 1

10. 1 How many interest groups are there in the United States? a. 5, 000 b. 25, 000 c. 100, 000 d. 50, 000 10. 1

Video: In Context 10. 1 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 3_Interest. Groups_v 2. html

Theories of Interest Group Politics Pluralism Elitism Hyperpluralism 10. 2

Pluralism 10. 2 Group theory of politics n Groups n No one n Groups link people and government compete group likely to become dominant play by the rules of the game weak in one resource can use another Concessions n Some groups stronger than others n All interests do not get equal hearing

Elitism 10. 2 Groups are unequal in power Real power held by a few n Held by the largest corporations (multinational corporations) 78% of Americans share this view Power of a few is fortified by interlocking directorates (group of directors) Other groups win minor policy battles, but corporate elites win the big decisions. Lobbying benefits the few at the expense of the many

Video: In the Real World 10. 2 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 5_Interest. Groups_v 2. html

Hyperpluralism 10. 2 Interest group liberalism n Groups out of control n Government tries to appease all of them Budgets, programs, regulations expand Iron triangles n A tight, ongoing relationship between interest groups, the federal agency that oversees policy related to their interest—and the congressional committee in charge of handling relevant policy Contradictory and confusing policy results

10. 2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively? a. Elitism b. Hyperpluralism c. Pluralism d. None of the above 10. 2

10. 2 Which theory of interest group politics views interest groups positively? a. Elitism b. Hyperpluralism c. Pluralism d. None of the above 10. 2

What Makes an Interest Group Successful? 10. 3 Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups Intensity Financial Resources

Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups Smaller groups have advantage n Potential group n All people who might be group members because they share some common interest n Actual group n Those in the potential group who choose to join n Collective good - benefits even nonmembers n Free-rider problem n Offer some sort of reward for joining the group that’s unavailable to nonmenbers = selective benefits Selective benefits n some sort of reward for joining the group that’s unavailable to nonmembers 10. 3

Intensity Develop psychological (mental) advantage Single-issue groups n On the rise n Dislike compromise n Ex. Abortion, Gay Marriage, etc. 10. 3

Financial Resources 10. 3 System is biased toward wealthy n 2008 federal elections cost $5 billion n Donations lead to access But $$$ does not always lead to lobbying success n Other side contributes, too

Chart: The Power 25 10. 3

10. 3 Why does money not always lead to 10. 3 lobbying success? a. Other side can also make contributions b. Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference c. Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians d. Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions

10. 3 Why does money not always lead to 10. 3 lobbying success? a. Other side can also make contributions b. Campaign contributions are too restricted to make a significant difference c. Most groups cannot afford to buy politicians d. Most politicians refuse to accept interest group contributions

How Groups Try to Shape Policy Lobbying Electioneering Litigation Going Public 10. 4

Lobbying 10. 4 Two types of lobbyists n Full-time employee n Temporary employee n Often former legislators Why do Congressmen listen to lobbyists? n Lobbyists provide specialized expertise n Lobbyists help with political & campaign strategy n Lobbyists provide ideas

FIGURE 10. 1: Industries’ big spenders on lobbying, 2009 -2011 10. 4

NRA 10. 4 For years, the National Rifle Association has successfully lobbied against gun control measures, arguing that the Second Amendment to the Constitution guarantees all citizens the right to bear arms. Here, a shooting instructor fires a high-power pellet rifle in the indoor range at the 2012 annual meeting of the NRA, which was attended by more than 70, 000 members.

Electioneering Aiding candidates financially Getting out the vote PACs n Political funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms n $5, 000 limit in primary and general election n Mainly support incumbents Should PACs be eliminated? 10. 4

Explore Interest Groups: Can Interest Groups Buy Public Policy? 10. 4 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_edwards_mpslgi a_16/pex 10. html

Litigation Suing for enforcement n Environmental regulations n Civil rights groups – 1950 s Amicus curiae (-ˈkyu r-ē-) briefs n Friend-of-the-court” briefs Class action lawsuits n Group of people combine their common grievances into a single suit 10. 4

Going Public opinion influences policy makers Mobilize public opinion n Send postcards n E-mails n Petitions Public relations (PR) n Campaigns in national media n Pays off for big business 10. 4

Interest group ad Interest groups spent more than $100 million appealing to public opinion during the debate over health care in 1994. In a counter-ad produced by the Democratic National Committee, the argument was made that opponents of the Clinton health care plan were using scare tactics. 10. 4

10. 4 "Harry and Louise" Health Care Advertisements

10. 4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic? a. Lobbying b. Litigation c. Electioneering d. Going public 10. 4

10. 4 On what tactic do interest groups rely to influence policy when Congress is unsympathetic? a. Lobbying b. Litigation c. Electioneering d. Going public 10. 4

Explore the Simulation: You Are a Lobbyist 10. 4 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_longman_media _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation. html? simula. URL=16

Types of Interest Groups Economic interests Environmental interests Equality interests Consumer and other public interest lobbies 10. 5

Economic Interests 10. 5 Labor n Unions § Organizations press for policies to ensure better working conditions and higher wages. § About 10 million Americans belong to labor unions, or about 12% of the workforce, down from 33% in 1956 n Closed shop versus “right-to-work” § “Closed shop” - labor unions make membership mandatory § “Right-to-work” - forbid unions to require membership

Wisconsin collective bargaining fight 10. 5 Despite protests by union members and supporters, the Wisconsin state legislature passed, and the governor signed a bill taking away collective bargaining rights from public sector employees.

Economic Interests Business n Wealthiest and most powerful lobbyist and PACs n Favors the party in power – paying for access Business interests not monolithic n Policy differences among industries § Ex. Trucking and rail businesses would favor different policies 10. 5

FIGURE 10. 2: How corporate PACs have shifted toward the majority party 10. 5

Environmental Interests Sprang up since 1970 n More than 10, 000 groups with $2. 9 billion revenue Profound policy impact n Influential due to numbers, not money n Strong public support 10. 5

Save the polar bear 10. 5 Some interest groups use unconventional methods to get attention for their views and demands. The environmental activist group Greenpeace is well known for coming up with activities the media can hardly ignore. Do these attentiongrabbing tactics work to influence citizens to get elected officials to hear their demands?

Equality Interests Fourteenth Amendment guarantees Minorities n NAACP/Brown v. Board of Education (1954) § Desegregation of education § Overruled “separate but equal” n Social welfare policies Women n National Organization for Women (NOW) n Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) § Amendment three states short of ratification 10. 5

Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies Policies in the public interest n Collective goods What is the public interest? n Each public interest group believes it knows what’s in the public interest § Ex. Religious groups believe they’re acting in the public interest when they seek to impose their moral views on everyone 10. 5

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 10. 5 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 4_Interest. Groups_v 2. html

10. 5 Which interest groups are the best funded? a. Economic groups b. Environmental groups c. Consumer groups d. Women’s rights groups 10. 5

10. 5 Which interest groups are the best funded? a. Economic groups b. Environmental groups c. Consumer groups d. Women’s rights groups 10. 5

Understanding Interest Groups and Democracy Interest Groups and the Scope of Government 10. 6

Interest Groups and Democracy 10. 6 Does pluralism prevail? n James Madison - opposing interests would counteract each other n Growth in number of interest groups n Less clout for any one group Interest group corruption? n Business PACs n Wealthy groups dominate Gridlock? n Difficult to initiate major policy change due to the variety of interests

Interest Groups and the Scope of Government Individualistic and associational n Interest groups channel political participation and facilitate representation of individual interests Difficult to reduce spending n Everyone wants cuts, just don’t cut their program Vicious circle n Groups lead to policy n Policy prompts new groups to form 10. 6

10. 6 What do hyperpluralists see as a problem with the proliferation of interest groups? a. They do not see a problem with large numbers of groups b. They think too many groups competing will lead to policy gridlock c. They believe that a few groups will triumph over all the others d. None of the above 10. 6

10. 6 What do hyperpluralists see as a problem with the proliferation of interest groups? a. They do not see a problem with large numbers of groups b. They think too many groups competing will lead to policy gridlock c. They believe that a few groups will triumph over all the others d. None of the above 10. 6

Discussion Question 10 What are three main theories of interest group politics? Which theory do you think provides the most accurate explanation for how interest groups interact with government in the U. S. today?

Video: So What? 10 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch 10_Interest_Groups_S eg 6_v 2. html

Video Citation: "Harry and Louise" Health Care Advertisements. You. Tube. com. 20 Jul 2009. CNN. Web. 28 Jul 2014. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Cw. OX 2 P 4 s-Iw 10