Pump Primer 8 Explain how political parties in

Pump Primer 8 Explain how political parties in a democracy serve as key linkage institutions to translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers.

Political Parties 8

Biblical Integration 8 Christians should never allow their party loyalty to over-shadow their loyalty to Christ and His Great Commission. (Matt. 18: 19 -20; I Peter 2: 13 -17, Rom. 13: 1)

Video: The Big Picture 8 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch 08_Political_Parties_S eg 1_v 2. html

Learning Objectives 8. 1 Identify the functions that political parties perform in American democracy 8. 2 Determine the significance of party identification in America today 8

Learning Objectives 8. 3 Describe how political parties are organized in the United States 8. 4 Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises 8

Learning Objectives 8. 5 Differentiate the various party eras in American history 8. 6 Assess both the impact of third parties on American politics and their limitations 8

Learning Objectives 8. 7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government 8

Video: The Basics 8 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 2_Political. Parties_v 2. html

Meaning of Party Tasks of the Parties, Voters, and Policy: Downs Model 8. 1

Tasks of the Parties Linkage institutions n Parties, elections, interest groups, media Tasks that parties perform n n n Pick candidates Run campaigns Give cues to voters Articulate policies Coordinate policies 8. 1

8. 1 Democratic, Republican Parties Dominate U. S. Politics

Parties, Voters, and Policy: Downs Model Rational choice theory n Political scientist Anthony Downs’ model n Explain the relationship among citizens, parties, and policy n Assume that actors are rational and make decisions to sensibly pursue goals Most voters are moderate n Center of political spectrum Parties seek voter loyalty n Position themselves to left and right of center 8. 1

FIGURE 8. 1: Downs model: How rational parties position themselves near (but not at) the center of public opinion 8. 1

8. 1 Tea Party In spite of the name, the Tea Party is not a political party, but a conservative organization most of its members tend to belong to the Republican Party. Because most of these enthusiasts belong to the Party, Republicans must pay attention to Tea Party concerns.

8. 1 How do parties maximize their appeal 8. 1 to voters? a. Position themselves near political center b. Lie about their opponents c. Stake out clear positions to the left or right d. Make party members sign loyalty oaths

8. 1 How do parties maximize their appeal 8. 1 to voters? a. Position themselves near political center b. Lie about their opponents c. Stake out clear positions to the left or right d. Make party members sign loyalty oaths

The Meaning of Party Political Party § A “team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election” 8. 2

The Meaning of Party Parties can be thought of in three parts: § Party in the electorate • Individuals who perceive themselves as party members; many voters have a party identification that guides and influences their votes § Party as an organization • Party activists keep the party running between elections and make its rules § Party in government • Consists of elected officials who call themselves members 8. 2

Party in the Electorate Party membership is psychological • Party identification Citizens think they know what parties stand for Choose parties based on similarity with personal preferences More Americans identify as independents (especially younger citizens) 8. 2

8. 2 More than Romney vs Obama: Third-party candidates speak out on election night

FIGURE 8. 2: Party identification in the United States, 1952– 2012 8. 2

Party In The Electorate Ticket Splitting • voting with one party for one office and another for other offices (is near an all-time high). • Divided government has frequently been the result; often with Republican control of the White House and Democratic control of Congress (or vice-versa). 8. 2

8. 2 More Americans are identifying as Independents, especially: a. People over 65 b. Minorities c. Young people d. Less-educated citizens 8. 2

8. 2 More Americans are identifying as Independents, especially: a. People over 65 b. Minorities c. Young people d. Less-educated citizens 8. 2

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 8. 2 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 4_Political. Parties_v 2. html

Party Organization: From the Grass Roots to Washington Local Parties 50 State Party Systems National Party Organizations 8. 3

Local Parties Once main party organization Party machines n Rewarded voters n Campaign funds and appointments n New York and Chicago n Most corrupt Patronage n Jobs for voters and contributors n Progressive reforms ended this system 8. 3

Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley 8. 3 Mayor Daley and his Cook County Democratic Party machine were highly skilled at patronage. Richard J. Daley ruled the city of Chicago from 1955 until his death in 1976.

50 State Party Systems 8. 3 No two exactly alike n Some well-funded, some weak n Permanent headquarters n Provide technical services Open or closed primaries n Open – vote for either party n Closed – registered with particular party Straight-ticket voting Single column or random list of candidates

National Party Organizations National convention n Meets every four years n Writes party platform n Formal nomination of candidates National committee n Operates between conventions n Led by national chairperson 8. 3

8. 3 What are the functions of the party’s national convention? a. Write party platform b. Nominate candidate for president c. Meet every four years to revise rules d. All of the above 8. 3

8. 3 What are the functions of the party’s national convention? a. Write party platform b. Nominate candidate for president c. Meet every four years to revise rules d. All of the above 8. 3

Party in Government: Promises and Policy Party in power determines policy n Public policy – a choice that government makes in response to a political issue. Determine who gets what, where, when, and how Coalitions support parties Most presidents fail to implement campaign promises But they do live up to some of them Party platforms are blueprints 8. 4

8. 4 Video: John Stossel - Top 10 Politicians Promises Gone Wrong

Explore the Simulation: You Are a Voter 8. 4 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_longman_media _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation. html? simula. URL=17

8. 4 Which of the following is a campaign promise kept by President Reagan? a. Increase social welfare spending b. Increase defense spending c. Increase the federal deficit d. Increase funding for education 8. 4

8. 4 Which of the following is a campaign promise kept by President Reagan? a. Increase social welfare spending b. Increase defense spending c. Increase the federal deficit d. Increase funding for education 8. 4

Explore Political Parties: Which Party Governs Better? 8. 4 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/long_edwards_mpslgi a_16/pex 8. html

Party Eras in American History 1796 -1824: First Party System 1828 -1856: Jackson and Democrats Versus the Whigs 1860 -1928: Two Republican Eras 1932 -1964: New Deal Coalition 1968 -Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government 8. 5

Party platforms, 2012 8. 5

Party Eras in American History Party Eras n One party has been the dominant majority party for long periods of time n Punctuated by critical elections § New issues appeared that divided the electorate n Party realignment (a rare event) § Associated with a major crisis or trauma in the nation’s history § Civil War or the Great Depression 8. 5

8. 5 Clip: Politics Tutorial - The Evolution of Americas Major Political Parties

1796 -1824: First Party System 8. 5 Madison warned against factions Hamilton and the Federalist Party n Capitalist support, Northeast n Short-lived n Ideas of loyal opposition and rotation of power new Jefferson and the Democratic. Republicans n Agrarian support, South n Torn by factions

1828 -1856: Jackson and Democrats Versus the Whigs 8. 5 General Andrew Jackson as leader n Democratic-Republicans -> Democratic Party n New coalition in election of 1828 n. Westerners, Southerners, poor whites n Broaden suffrage Martin Van Buren n Theory of loyal opposition n Whig Party § Northern industrialists and Southern planters

1860 -1928: Two Republican Eras 8. 5 1850 s: Slavery dominated politics n Split both parties n Republicans rose as anti-slavery party n Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Second party realignment n Lasted 60 years n Democrats controlled the South 1896: Second Republican era n Democrats and “free silver” § Throw out the gold standard so poor could pay with “free silver”

1932 -1964: New Deal Coalition Hoover loses to FDR n FDR promises New Deal n New coalition formed Elements of New Deal coalition n Urban dwellers n Labor unions n Catholics and Jews n The poor n Southerners n African Americans 8. 5

The Roosevelt realignment Franklin Roosevelt reshaped the Democratic Party, bringing together a diverse array of groups that had long been marginalized in American political life. Many of the key features of the Democratic Party today, such as support from labor unions, can be traced to the FDR era. 8. 5

FIGURE 8. 3: Party coalitions today 8. 5 Each party draws support from different social and economic groups, many of which have existed since the New Deal era.

1968 -Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government 8. 5 The New Deal Coalition n Weakened, “Solid [Democratic] South” n Conservative Democrats unsatisfied with the national party Nixon’s Southern strategy n Support for states’ rights, law and order, strong military posture n Win Southern Democrats

FIGURE 8. 4: Realignment in the South 8. 5 The swapping of party loyalty of Southern white voters from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party over the issue of civil rights has been crucial to the GOP gaining majority party status in Congress.

1968 -Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Republicans did not have Congress n New pattern n Divided government now normal Dealignment n Voters are gradually moving away from both parties n Are parties becoming useless and ineffective? 8. 5

8. 5 Which events sparked party realignments? a. Civil War b. Great Depression c. Nixon’s Southern strategy d. A and B only 8. 5

8. 5 Which events sparked party realignments? a. Civil War b. Great Depression c. Nixon’s Southern strategy d. A and B only 8. 5

Video: In Context 8. 5 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 3_Political. Parties_v 2. html

Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics 8. 6 Three types of third parties n Cause parties § Prohibition Party – outlawing alcoholic beverages n Offshoots of major parties § 1912 Progressive Party from Republican Party § 1996 Green Party from Democratic Party n Vehicles for individual candidacies Rarely win office but can affect elections Why only two parties?

8. 2 Third Party Presidential Candidates Can Affect Outcome

A successful third party candidate 8. 6 Third party candidates usually struggle to get noticed in the United States, as almost all major elected officials are affiliated with either Democrats or Republicans. But occasionally a third party candidate will become a serious contender, as Lincoln Chaffee did when he ran successfully for governor of Rhode Island in 2010.

Video: In the Real World 8. 6 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg 5_Political. Parties_v 2. html

Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Are Third Parties Important? n New groups into the electorate, tipping the electoral college vote n “Safety valves” for popular discontent n Social reforms on the political agenda n New issues ignored by the major parties 8. 6

Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics 8. 6 Winner-Take-All System n “Major reason the United States only has two parties represented in government n Party that receives a plurality (more votes than anyone else, even though it may be less than a majority) is declared the winner n System discourages small parties § Not enough votes to win

8. 6 Why are there only two major parties 8. 6 in the U. S. ? a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters c. No interest in additional parties d. Winner-take-all elections

8. 6 Why are there only two major parties 8. 6 in the U. S. ? a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters c. No interest in additional parties d. Winner-take-all elections

Understanding Political Parties Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? American Political Parties and the Scope of Government 8. 7

Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? 8. 7 Responsible party model n Distinct governing programs n Internal unity and commitment n Major party must implement program § Carry out its program if elected n Major party must accept responsibility Party leadership weak in U. S. n “Blue Dog Democrats” § Conservative Democrats – votes opposite of party on social issues n Is this good or bad?

TABLE 8. 2: Partisan divisions on key roll call votes during George W. Bush’s presidency 8. 7

American Politics and the Scope of Government Party discipline n Not as broad as in Europe § Health care example n Parties not disciplined – lacks strength Hard to cut spending n Not disciplined enough to say “no” n Get more for own constituents 8. 7

Discussion Question How did the modern two-party system develop in the United States? What are party realignments and when have they occurred? What role do parties play in American democracy? 8

Video: So What? 8 http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch 08_Political_Parties_S eg 6_v 2. html

Video Citation: 8 Democratic, Republican Parties Dominate U. S. Politics. You. Tube. com. 20 Aug 2008. Web. 14 Jul 2014. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 kk. V 7 v. Jd. Bz. E More than Romney vs Obama: Third-party candidates speak out on election night. You. Tube. com. 6 Nov 2012. You. Tube. com. 14 Jul 2014. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 j. Qdksa 01 q 8 Politics Tutorial - The Evolution of Americas Major Political Parties. You. Tube. com. 12 Mar 2011. Web. 13 Jul 2013. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VH 46 Ogc 3 UN 0 Third Party Presidential Candidates Can Affect Outcome. You. Tube. com. 14 Aug 2008. Web. 25 Jul 2014. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 dd 2 -OAgn 8 Q Top 10 Politicians Promises Gone Wrong. You. Tube. com. 18 Dec 2010. Web. 25 Jul 2014. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ts. UZkxy. YJUk