Public Speaking Week 2 Writing an outline of

Public Speaking Week 2 Writing an outline of a speech and Using visual aids

Introduction to the speech (10 -15 %) Introduction is important as it determines audience to feel positively or negatively toward the rest of what you have to say. n The first word you deliver is crucial, so try to make an effective introduction. (Farrell & Farrell, 1997) n

Approaches to making an Effective Introduction n n n Refer to audience (Good morning ladies and gentlemen…. ) Refer to the occasion (Today is a very nice day for every moslem in the entire world as we are celebrating the Eid Mubarak. . ) Refer to the subject (Today’s topic is about…) Refer to a quote (Don’t judge a book from its cover…) Using a startling statement (Government will make Indonesians into poverty…) Use a rhetorical question (Don’t you know we can insert culture for English teaching? ) Use humor (The speaking class is every Wednesday. There isn’t any public holiday on Wednesday so it is unfortunate, isn’t it? )…. Don’t you know that a dracula can count? Who is he? (Farrell & Farrell, 1997)

The body of the speech: 70 -80 % (Farrell&Farrell, 1997) n n n The organisation of the body of speech should be selected with the audience in mind. Patterns recommended: topical, sequential, causal, and problem-solution. The topical pattern: Classification according to well-known topics. I. Borobudur Temple A. History and development B. Present Day C. Future Existence II. Prambanan Temple A. History and Development B. Present Day C. Future Existence

The Body of Speech (continued ) n n The sequential pattern: chronological arrangement, based on space and time. E. g. The characteristics of the top three larger cities in Java I. Jakarta A. Physical characteristics B. Economic characteristics C. Demographic characteristics II. Bandung A. Physical characteristics B. Economic characteristics C. Demographic characteristics III. Surabaya A. Physical characteristics B. Economic characteristics C. Demographic characteristics

The Body of Speech (continued ) n n The causal pattern: a relationship between certain factors and what follows them. E. g. I. Cause: Violent TV programming A. Violence in “action” cartoons B. Violence in adult-oriented action dramas C. Violence in “gang” movies II. Effect: Increasingly violent behaviour in children A. Increased aggression in children of kindergarten age B. Increased number of disturbances in elementary schools C. Increased number of gun-related incidents in high schools

The Body of Speech (continued ) The problem-solution pattern: proposing a change or suggesting an alternative to a present-day problem. n E. g. I. Health-related problems of drug addiction A. Physical deterioration B. Mental deterioration II. Work-related problems of drug addiction A. Loss of productivity B. Possible loss of job III. Family-related problems of drug addiction A. Withdrawal from family structure B. Emotional hardship for spouses and children n

The Body of Speech (continued ) IV. Solution: increased social awareness and support A. Educating the public about drug addiction and its danger B. Government-assisted program C. Compassionate policies in the workplace D. Counseling for both individual and family member (Farrell&Farrell, 1997)

Conclusion of the speech: 10 -15 % (Farrell&Farrell, 1997) n n n n n A good conclusion: use concluding words, restate about your topic, leave a final impression, disengage yourself from the audience in a meaningful way. Approaches to concluding a speech: Refer to the audience Refer to the occasion Refer to the subject Refer to a quote Refer to a story or illustration Refer to a rhetorical question Issue an appeal or challenge the audience to the action Summarise your main points

Using Visual Aids (Farrell&Farrell, 1997) n n n n As you plan your speech, you may also decide what kinds of visual aids would be a helpful supplement. Options of visual aids: Use a volunteer from the audience Use handouts Use a chalkboard Use flip charts Use an overhead projector Use a slide projector

Activity n n n Work in pairs Select a topic below to make a brief outline of speech: The top three tourist destinations in Indonesia My hometown My personal experiences to learn English Present your selected topic to your classmates