Public speaking Presentations Public Speaking Presented by Prof

Public speaking/ Presentations

Public Speaking Presented by Prof. Vijaylakshmi Bembalgi Dept. of IT BEC, Bagalkot

Fear of Public Speaking z. Population x. Fear No. 3 =Public Speaking x. Fear No. 2= Snakes x. Fear No. 1 =Death z. Stage fright -In spotlight -unprepared -inexperienced

Effective Communication z. Preparation z. Practice z. Presence

Effective Communication z. Practice - practice makes perfect - revision - get time right

Effective Communication z. Presence -nervousness- fright is common -Body language -voice tone -gestures -eye contact -positive attitude

Sample Speech Outline I. Introduction II. Body xsupport arguments III. Conclusion xreview

Things You Shouldn’t Do z. Read directly from notes z. Read directly from screen z. Turn back on audience z. Slouch, hands in pockets z. No um, ah, you know’s z. No nervous gestures z. Talk too fast, z. Talk too quietly

Things You Should Do z. Eye contact z. Can glance at notes z. Appropriate gestures z. Rhetorical questions to involve audience

Don’t Use Someone Else’s Speech!

Ten Successful Tips Control the “Butterflies” z. Know the room- become familiar with the place of presentation z. Know the audience- greet or chat with the audience before hand. It’s easier to speak to friends than to strangers z. Know your material-increased nervousness is due to unpreparedness

Control the “Butterflies” z. Relaxation- relax entire body by stretching and breathing so as to ease the tension z. Visualize giving your speech. Visualize yourself giving your speech from start to finish. By visualizing yourself successful, you will be successful

Control the “Butterflies” z. People want you to succeed-the audience is there to see you succeed not to fail z. Don’t apologize-by mentioning your nervousness or apologizing, you’ll only be calling the audience’s attention to mistakes

Control the “Butterflies” z. Concentrate on your message-not the medium. Focus on the message you are trying to convey and not on your anxieties z. Turn nervousness into positive energy

Control the “Butterflies” z. Gain experience-experience builds confidence, which is key to effective public speaking

Practice takes you from this. .

To this….

It’s All About Building Confidence.

4 P’s to Avoid Pure Terror! Prepare Practice PAUSE Pamper

1. Prepare z Research y. Subject y. Audience z Organize y. Slides they’ll see & hear y. Handouts and/or activities y“Cue cards” you’ll work from z Understand y. Confirm your responsibilities x. Length & Purpose x. Format y. Familiarize yourself with the equipment and the process y. Relate your requirements

a. Research z. Do Your Homework y. Understand your topic thoroughly y. Research and write the presentation as you would an important paper z. Know Your Audience y. Basic demographics (age, experience level, familiarity with your topic) y. Approximate number of attendees

b. Organize z Slides and/or visual presentation y Follow a logical progression y Use high contrast colors y Minimum 18 pt text size y Be consistent z Handouts y Additional Info y Activities z Delivery materials y. Create “cue cards” x. Double (+) spacing x. Large, bold, easily read font x. Use Reminders • Look • Breathe! x. Reminders are also good placeholders

c. Understand z How much time do you have? z What does your host hope you’ll accomplish? z What equipment , software, support will be readily available? z What will additional equipment will you need to be successful? y. Internet connection? y. Projector? y. Whiteboard? y. Podium y. Water

2. Practice z. Early Stages y. Read aloud as you’re writing y. Your reflection’s a good test audience – so is a tape recorder y. Get feedback from trusted friends y. Mark up your cue sheet on run-through

Resume Practice z Practice EVERYTHING y Hand facial gestures y Comfortable stance y Running your equipment y Taking questions y Recovering from mistakes z Plan ahead y Select comfortable, confidence building clothes at least a week in advance y Wear extremely comfortable shoes y Do final run through in the clothing you’ve chosen well in advance

3. PAUSE z Evaluate your performance y Tongue-twisted? Slow down. y Out of breath? Add breathing marks. y Knees knocking? So what, you’ll be behind a podium. y Test audience confused? Pinpoint the problem and re-write. y Focused only on the page or losing your place when you look around? Add more visual marks. y Monotone? Practice accenting various parts of speech for more impact. z Make changes to slides and cue sheet or cards as necessary y Reorganize to clarify y Eliminate awkward passages y Insert reminders to yourself

4. Pamper z The night before y Gather all materials y Get a good night’s sleep z Morning y Avoid caffeine y Avoid people who stress you out y Be good to yourself & do things that make you feel cared for z 1 -2 hours prior y Check set-up, final technical arrangements y Do final run through, on location if possible y Walk away. Spend remaining time with someone who distracts you and makes you laugh y Use the restroom

Confidence z. You know your topic z. You know your material z. You’ve done this before z. Other scaredy-cats will be awestruck z. You CAN do this, and you’ll be great

If Something Goes Wrong z. Don’t panic, improvise! y. Pause for a drink of water to regroup y. Excuse yourself and adjust your equipment y. Spend a moment as if deep in thought, then begin again “spontaneously” once you’ve found your place y. Ask if there any questions y. Break for an activity

Handouts z Delivery Tips z Writing Tips z Cue card / cue sheets

Public Speaking “Talk is cheap” • Not anymore, a well organized, thoughtful talk makes many people a very lucrative wage

Similarities between PS and Conversation z Organize your thoughts y. Giving someone directions to your house z Tailor your message to the audience z Telling a story for maximum impact y. Don’t tell the “punch line” of a story first z Adapting to listener feedback y. Watch for non-verbal feedback – looks of confusion, looks of pain or hurtfulness

Differences between PS and Conversation z PS is more structured y Usually time limited y Questions not allowed to interrupt the speech, xusually left for at end (time permitting) z PS requires more formal language y No slang, jargon or bad grammar y Speeches should be something special so that they qualify as life events and are remembered z PS requires a different method for delivery y More formal delivery x. No vocalized pauses – “uh”, “ah”, “um” x. Don’t use stock phrases repeatedly – “you know”, “basically”, “I mean”, ‘so’, ‘right’.

The Speech Communication Process z Speaker - speech communication starts here z Message - whatever is communicated z Channel – means by which a message is communicated z Listener – the receiver of the communicated message z Feedback – comes in many forms and must be understood z Interference - anything impeding the communication of the message z Situation – the time and place of occurrance

Analyzing the Audience z Good speakers are audience-centered y. Primary purpose of a speech is to get a desired response z Keep the audience foremost in mind at every step of preparation and presentation y. To whom are you speaking? y. What is it you want them to know, believe or do as a result? y. What is the most effective way to compose and present your speech to accomplish those ends?

The Psychology of Audiences z It’s up to the speaker to make the audience choose to pay attention. z Every speech contains two messages: y One from the speaker y One received by the listener y “People hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest. ” – Paul Simon’s The Boxer z People are egocentric y Egocentrism – the tendency for people to be most interested in themselves, their own problems and the way to solve them. y They pay closest attention to what affects their own values, beliefs and well being.

Demographic Audience Analysis z Look for observable audience traits y Identify the general features y Gauge their importance to the situation z Traits y Age x. Whatever your age, you’re a product of your world y Gender x. Old stereotypes no longer apply y Racial, Ethnic or Cultural Background x. Be aware of differences and be able to adapt y Religion x. Highly charged emotional issue, be sure to consider the religious orientation or you might end up being embarrassed. y Group Membership x. Guilt by association – people judge you by the company you keep

Situational Audience Analysis z Builds on demographic analysis ; identifies traits unique to the speaking situation y. Size y. Physical Setting y. Disposition toward the Topic x. Interest x. Knowledge x. Attitude y. Disposition toward the Speaker y. Disposition towards the Occasion

Adapting to the Audience z Before the Speech y Assess how the audience is likely to respond y Adjust what you say to make it x Clear x Appropriate x Convincing z During the Speech y Things may/will not go exactly as you plan y Don’t panic, remain calm and adapt y Remember: x Who am I speaking to? x What do I want them to know, believe or do? x What is the best way to accomplish this? z Practice, practice

Organizing a Speech – Main Points z Main Points y Number of main points x. It is better to be remembered for covering 3 or 4 points well than to leave the audience confused and sorting out 7 or 8 points you made. y Strategic Order of Main Points x. Chronological Order x. Spatial Order x. Casual Order x. Problem Solution Order x. Topical Order

Main Points (cont. ) z Each main point should be independent of the other main points. z Use the same pattern of wording for each main point z Balance the amount of time spent on each main point.

Organizing a Speech – Supporting Materials z Supporting Materials y. The “flesh” that fills out the skeleton of your speech y. By themselves main points are only assertions. y. Listeners need supporting materials to accept what the speaker says y. Three major types of supporting materials: x. Examples x. Statistics x. Testimony y. Always provide sources to give credibility to the supporting materials

Organizing a Speech z Connectives y Transitions x. Words or phrases that indicate speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another: • “In addition” , “also” , “Not only” , “That brings me to the next topic” y Internal Previews x. Lets the audience know what the speaker will take up next • “now that we realize the seriousness, I will address three solutions” y Internal Summaries x. Remind the audience of what they have just heard • “Let me reiterate…” y Signposts x. Brief statements that let you know where you are in the speech • Numerate – “First this…, second this …” • Introduce a main point with a question – “What make this so…” • Simple phrase – “The most important thing to remember…”

Beginning and Ending Get Attention and Interest Reveal the Topic Establish Credibility and Goodwill Preview the body of the speech

Use of Language z Language is Important y. How well do you use language? x. Do you confuse the use of good/well? x. Do you use phrases like “terrible disaster” or “a good benefit”? x. Do you use “in the eventuality” instead of “if”? x. Do you clutter your speech with meaningless words as “you know”, “like”, “basically”, “man”, and really”?

Meanings of Words z Words have two kinds of meanings: y. Denotative xthe literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. y. Connotative xthe meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase xgive words their intensity and emotional power xthe same words may have completely different effects on different audiences

More things to remember. . . z Use language accurately y “say what you mean” z Use language clearly y Use familiar words y Choose concrete words y Eliminate clutter z Use Language vividly y Imagery y Concrete words y Simile y Metaphor y Rhythm y Parallelism y Repetition y Alliteration

Use Language Appropriately To the occasion To the Audience To the topic To the speaker

Speech Delivery Types of Delivery • Read from manuscript • only done when absolute accuracy is required • Reciting from memory • seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it • Imprompt • speaking with little or no preparation • avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject • Extemporaneously • carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes Should sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed extensively

Vocalization z Volume – loudness or softness y adjust to the situation (electronically if necessary, don’t yell) z Pitch – highness or lowness of the voice y use inflections in your voice to avoid “monotone” z Rate speed at which you speak y 120 -150 wpm is normal, too slow leaves people hanging on your words, too fast and they get confused and miss information z Pauses – momentary breaks in your speaking y takes experience to know when to pause, pause at the end of thought units y avoid vocalized pauses (“uh”, “er”, “um”. . . ) z Variety y vary the loudness, pitch and rate to make the speech sound more natural and interesting z Pronunciation – use correct pronunciation of common words y genuine, arctic, theater, nuclear, February, library z Articulation – physical production of speech sounds y we habitually chop, slur and mumble, rather than enunciating y “ought to”, “didn’t”, “for”, “don’t know”, “ask” z Dialect – variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar or vocabulary

Nonverbal Communications z kinesics – the study of nonverbal body motions as a systematic node of communication z People trust their ears less than their eyes. y when a speaker’s body language is inconsistent with their words the listeners will tend to believe their eyes z Other aspects of nonverbal communications y Personal appearance y Body action y Gesticulation y Eye contact

Visual Aids Kinds of visual aids • Objects • Models • Photographs • Drawings • Graphs • Charts • Slides and Videotapes • Computer-Generated Graphics • Transparencies • Multimedia

Visual Aid Preparation z Prepare them well in advance z Keep It Simple Stupid z Make sure they are large enough y should be able to be seen by “all” viewers when presented, not just those “up front”. z Use easy to read fonts – there is a reason for Times-Roman y non-clear fonts are harder to read z Use a limited number of fonts z Use color effectively y highlighting y used well proven color schemes, what colors work well together is a tough choice for most people

Summary z 4 P’s y. Prepare y. Practice y. PAUSE y. Pamper z If your foundation is solid, your presentation will be, too! z Build confidence by planning ahead – eliminate potential sources of worry z If something goes wrong – breathe! And then improvise.

Prepare & practice! 55