Public Speaking Essentials of Ethics and Public Speaking

Public Speaking Essentials of Ethics and Public Speaking You Cheryl Hamilton 5 th Edition Chapter Cheryl Hamilton, 1 Ph. D. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 1

Key Ideas q q Benefits of taking Public speaking The basic types of public speeches The communication process and the speaker The public speaker’s ethical obligations Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 2

Flashback. . . Educated Greeks and Romans studied rhetoric —the art of persuasive public speaking. Aristotle’s Rhetoric divided speaking into: • Forensic (speaking in court) • Deliberative (political or legislative speaking) • Epideictic (ceremonial speaking) Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 3

Benefits of Public Speaking q q q Enhances personal development Influences your world Advances your career Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 4

Enhances Personal Development q Builds personal communication confidence q Gives you more control over your life – Helps you construct arguments and present positions – Develops critical thinking skills q Makes you a more flexible communicator q Helps you from feeling manipulated Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 5

Influences Your World q Better prepared for involvement in campus issues q Better prepared for involvement in civic issues q Better prepared to share information relevant to a particular position Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 6

Advances Your Career: Example: Engineering q Electrical engineers spend over 4 hours per day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996) q About 50% of all engineers value oral skills above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003) q Oral skills ranked second to importance after problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993) Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 7

Types of Speeches q Informative - Focuses on conveying facts and promoting understanding. q Persuasive - Seeks to influence choices & opinions. q Special occasion - Lends a sense of distinction to special occasions. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 8

Informative Vs. Persuasive Informative q Promote understanding of a body of facts – Performing Heimlich maneuver – Effects of stress on the body – Growth of You. Tube and Twitter Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You Persuasive q Seek to influence beliefs, choices or opinions – On-campus parking should be expanded – Daily exercise is necessary for health – City and country libraries are the surest avenue for maintaining our demcracy 1. 9

Special Occasion q Gives sense of distinction to important events q Examples of special occasions – Weddings – Funerals – Award ceremonies – Introducing a new student Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 10

The Communication Process: Message Decoded Message Encoded Stimulus SPEAKER Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Motivation LISTENER Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 11

Frame of Reference q q Beliefs Attitudes Values Background (e. g. education, gender, race, hometown) q Experiences Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 12

Differences in Cultural Values Americans Japanese Arabs 1. Freedom 1. Belonging 1. Family Security 2. Independence 2. Group Harmony 2. Family Harmony 3. Self-Reliance 3. Collectiveness 3. Parental Guidance 4. Equality 4. Age/Seniority 4. Age 5. Individualism 5. Group Consciousness 5. Authority 6. Competition 6. Cooperation 6. Compromise 7. Efficiency 7. Quality 7. Devotion 8. Time 8. Patience 9. Directness 9. Indirectness 10. Openness 10. Go-between 10. Hospitality Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 13

The Communication Process: Message Decoded Message Encoded Stimulus Motivation Code SPEAKER Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning LISTENER Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 14

Communication Codes q Language (Verbal) - spoken or written words q Paralanguage (Vocal) - tone, pitch, volume, etc. q Non-Verbal (Visual) - eye contact, facial expressions, posture, etc. Vocal & Visual Code Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You Verbal Code 1. 15

The Communication Process: ENVIRONMENT External Noise Internal Noise Message Decoded Message Encoded Stimulus Motivation Code SPEAKER LISTENER Feedback ENVIRONMENT Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 16

Speaking of Ethics q The public’s perceptions of ethical standards in several professions q Violations and costs of unethical behavior q The ethical responsibilities of speakers q Classroom ethics Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 17

The Public’s View of Ethical Standards Profession Table 1. 2 Percentage of people as rating each profession as having “High” or “Very High” ethical standards Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nurses 83 79 82 84 79 84 83 Druggists, pharmacists 67 72 67 73 67 70 66 Medical doctors 68 67 65 69 63 64 65 Clergy 56 56 54 58 53 56 50 Police officers 59 60 61 54 53 56 63 Accountants — — 39 — — 38 -- Journalists 25 — 28 26 — 25 23 Bankers 35 36 41 37 35 23 19 Lawyers 16 18 18 18 15 18 13 Real estate agents — — 20 — — 17 -- College Professors 59 — 64 58 — Business executives 18 20 16 18 14 12 12 Stockbrokers 15 — 16 17 12 12 9 Congresspersons 17 20 14 14 Senators 20 -- 16 15 -- -- 11 Advertising practitioners 12 10 11 11 9 10 11 Car salespeople 7 9 8 7 Insurance salespeople 12 -- -- 13 Copyright Cengage © 2011 54 9 6 -- -- 10 1. 18

Costs of unethical behavior q 2007: Dismissal from job (Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to untrue facts on resume) q 2006: Re-defense of dissertations (Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering graduate students plagiarized portions of theses or dissertations) q 2007: Dismissal from job (producer of Katie Couric’s notebook for not giving credit to Wall Street Journal article for lines quoted in piece) Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 19

Exaggeration, Distortion and Plagiarism q Exaggeration – Overstating – Presenting facts as more important than they are q Distortion – Misrepresenting or twisting facts – Stating facts are true when only partially true q Plagiarism – Using ideas of others without giving credit – Using material from the Internet without giving credit Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 20

Classroom Ethics Speaker 1. Always show up when scheduled to speak. 2. Show respect by being prepared. 3. Respect audience opinions 4. Be honest—no plagiarism, exaggeration, or distortion of facts or visuals. Cite sources 5. Limit use of Internet sources. 6. Carefully research all sides of topic. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You Audience 1. Support speaker—no homework or daydreaming. 2. Be on time; take job as audience evaluator seriously. 3. Respect speaker’s opinions. 4. Be open-minded; don’t take offense during speeches or class discussions. 5. Don’t distract speaker in any way. 6. Give honest, tactful critiques including strengths and weaknesses. 1. 21

Public Speaking Essentials of Ethics and Public Speaking You Cheryl Hamilton 5 th Edition Chapter Cheryl Hamilton, 1 Ph. D. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You 1. 22