PUBLIC POLICY MANAGEMENT Scheme 2 o The policy

PUBLIC POLICY MANAGEMENT

Scheme 2 o The policy context: Global paradigm and federal system in Nepal o Evidence based policy management: framework and approaches o Framing policy problems and selecting tools for policy action o Policy implementation and review: Key considerations Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

3 Definition of [public] policy Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Working Definition 4 � There is no commonly accepted definition, but as a working definition: � “course of action (or inaction) chosen by public authorities to address a given problem or an interrelated set of problems” Pal, Leslie A. , (2010) Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times Fourth Edition (Scarborough, Ont: Nelson Thomson Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020 Learning), p. 10

Policy Management: Elements 5 Policy process does not follow the stages or the cycle approach. It is, Organic but not linear/cyclical always, it happens in upward spiral process Iterative and parallel phases in processes [parts in the process are inter-related and inter-dependent] Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Policy Goals – Solving Problems of People 6 Poverty (Prosperity as Goal) – Economic theory Inequality (Equality as Goal) – Sociological and Anthropological theory Violence (Peace as Goal) – Theories of Social Justice/Conflict management Exclusionary Institutions (Inclusion as Goal) – Theories of Politicaleconomy and Institutional Economics Slavery (Liberty as Goal) – Theories of social innovation [not only in technology for reform in society and state] Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

An Ideal Model 7 Public Policymaking in a democracy must fulfill three key functions: A. Representation B. Implementation C. Accountability These are the democratic infrastructures of policy management Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

8 Public Policy Process Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Policy Formulation Evaluation Implementation 9 Agenda Setting Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Policy Formulation Evaluation Implementation 10 • Identifying issue that require attention • Deciding which issue need Agenda most attention Setting • Defining the nature of problem Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Evaluation Implementation 11 Agenda Setting • Setting Objectives • Identifying cost • Estimating effect Policy of solutions Formulation • Choosing right solutions from list • Selecting policy tools/instruments Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination 12 Agenda Setting Ensuring chosen policy instrument Policy have support Evaluation Formulation • Legislative/executiv e approval • Consent, consultation with Implementatio Legitimation n interest group Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020 • Referenda (if

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination 13 Agenda Setting • Establishing an orgn for responsibilities Policy for implementaion Evaluation Formulation • Ensuring resources HR, Budget, legal authority. . ) • Ensuring the policy Implementatio decisions are Legitimation n carried out as planned Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! • Assessing the extend of policy successfulness • Was the policy decision was correct? • If it was implemented correctly? • Brought desired effect? 14 Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Evaluation Implementatio n Agenda Setting Policy Formulation Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! • Whether policy should • Continued? • Modified? • Discontinued? Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Policy Formulation Evaluation Implementatio n 15 Agenda Setting Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Policy Formulation Evaluation Implementation 16 Agenda Setting Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Management Process 17 Public Policy Management process encompasses a range of activities in a number of different jurisdictions, including local and state governments 1. Framing the problem 2. Identification of tools of policy action 3. Implementing and communicating policy 4. Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020 Monitoring and evaluating

Case base exercise 18 ब जञ पन रह त न त २०७३ What set the context formulating this policy? What problem(s) this new policy intends to solve? What evidences support to define the problem? [Recognizing that a problem is a ‘public problem’ worthy of government attention and action Deciding what the problem is (or what is not) Determining what governments can (and should) do (or not) ] Work in group (4), share in plenary. Reading and discussion on questions-20 Min. , sharing 5 min. each group. Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

19 Tools of Policy Action [Solution for policy problem] Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Categories of tools 20 Information/awareness tools Regulation/legal tools Laws & institutions Expenditure/financial tools Adapted from Pal, Leslie A. (2010) Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Policy Action Tools: Typology 21 Information Expenditures Regulation Affirmative/Promoting encourage argument persuasion facts/data cash transfer grants subsidy/contribution loans tax expenditure voucher permissions licenses recognitions Negative/Restraining dissuade taxes user charges service fees fines criminal law non-criminal prohibitions self-regulation Pal, Leslie A. , (2010) Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times Fourth Edition (Scarborough, Ont: Nelson Thomson Learning), Table 4. 1 Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Tools of Policy Action 22 Tools are means/instruments to achieve objective and bring about change in behaviour, condition, service Choice of tool is not random Technical vs. political decisions Salamon, LM & Elliot, OV. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to The New Governance, London: Oxford University Press. Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Tools of Public Policy Actions 23 Governments have variety of tools available to effect change Legislation Regulation personal) tax Sales tax Voluntary Duties codes of behaviour Income (corporate and tariffs User fees and charges Licensing Salamon, LM & Elliot, OV. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to The New Governance, London: Oxford University Press. Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Tools of Public Policy Actions 24 Governments have variety of tools available to effect change Direct transfers to Capital expenditures individuals, Loans organizations, Government Insurance institutions, governments Contracting and Partnering Conditional transfers: grants, contributions Public education and information Vouchers Salamon, LM & Elliot, OV. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to The New Governance, London: Oxford University Press. Advertising Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Choice of Tools: Factors 25 Choice takes into account balance of factors which could include: Maximum impact Legality and Constitutionality uniformity Least coercion Social legitimacy Most efficiency Greatest involvement of Least spending actors Least harm Differential impacts Greatest speed (sectors, regions, gender, Highest visibility population groups) Working within available resources Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020 Manageability Greatest

Case base exercise 26 ब जञ पन रह त न त २०७३ What tools does this policy demand as solution of the policy problem? Work in group (4), share in plenary. Reading and discussion on questions- 20 Min. Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Policy Implementation 27 Implementation is the process where the decisions on choice of tools of actions will be translated into actions of the government through actual laws, regulations, programmes, services and institutions. Need to consider implementation in all of the processes of policy management Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Implementing policy: Key considerations 28 Activities Responsibility allocation: lead, supporting agency Institutional arrangement and capacity Human Resources Plan Financial plan Communication plan Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

30 Monitoring and Evaluation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

M & E Considerations 31 Baseline status? Indicators defined? Target (activity level) defined? Inputs defined? M & E plan: timeline (progress), accountability (who), result framework (outcome evaluation), feed-forward mechanism (how are we using m & e results? ), contribution to policy goal (impact) Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

M & E plan 32 Timeline (progress), Accountability (who), Result framework (outcome evaluation), Feedback mechanism (how are we using M & E results? ), Contribution to policy goal (impact) and roadmap Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020

Public Policy Process !! Whether policy should • Continued? • Modified? • Discontinued? • • • Assessing the extend of policy successfulness Was the policy decision was correct? If it was implemented correctly? Brought desired effect? Policy Maintenance, Succession or Termination Identifying issue that require attention Deciding which issue need most attention Defining the nature of problem Policy Formulation Evaluation Establishing an orgn for responsibilities for implementaion • Ensuring resources (HR, Budget, legal authority. . ) • 33 Ensuring the policy decisions are carried out as planned Agenda Setting • • • Implementatio n Legitimation Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020 • • • Setting OBJ Identifying cost Estimating effect of soln Choosing right soln from list Selecting policy tools/instruments Ensuring chosen policy instrument have support • Legislative/executive approval • Consent, consultation with interest group • Referenda (if needed)

34 Thank You Policy-Leadership Devt. Programme -II 2020