Public net benefit Public Private Benefits Framework Simple

Public net benefit Public: Private Benefits Framework: Simple version Positive incentives or technology change Technology change (or no action) Extension No action 0 Private net benefit No action (or flexible negative incentives) No action (or extension or negative incentives) Negative incentives Pannell, D. J. (2008). Public benefits, private benefits, and policy intervention for land-use change for environmental benefits, Land Economics 84(2), 225 -240.

Positive incentives or technology change + Technology change (or no action) Public net benefit Public: Private Benefits Framework: Simple version Extension No action + − 0 Private net benefit No action (or flexible negative incentives) No action (or extension or negative incentives) Negative incentives − Pannell, D. J. (2008). Public benefits, private benefits, and policy intervention for land-use change for environmental benefits, Land Economics 84(2), 225 -240.

Allows for: • Partial effectiveness of extension • Time lags • Transaction costs in delivering policies • Cost of learning Positive incentives Technology change (or no action) Public net benefit Public: Private Benefits Framework: Complex version Extension No action Private net benefit 0 No action (or flexible negative incentives) No action (or extension or negative incentives) Negative incentives Pannell, D. J. (2008). Public benefits, private benefits, and policy intervention for land-use change for environmental benefits, Land Economics 84(2), 225 -240.

+ Allows for: • Partial effectiveness of extension • Time lags • Transaction costs in delivering policies • Cost of learning Positive incentives Technology change (or no action) Public net benefit Public: Private Benefits Framework: Complex version Extension No action − Private net benefit 0 No action (or flexible negative incentives) No action (or extension or negative incentives) − + Negative incentives Pannell, D. J. (2008). Public benefits, private benefits, and policy intervention for land-use change for environmental benefits, Land Economics 84(2), 225 -240.