Public Health Entomology Certificate MODULE 6 RELATED ARTHRO

Public Health Entomology Certificate MODULE 6 RELATED ARTHRO PODS AND OT HER

Biting and Stinging Pests PAGES 159 -180 OF IPM FOR THE URBAN PROFESSIONAL CHAPTER’S 11, 12, 13, 14, MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY FOR STUDENTS

PHE and Stinging Pests Some of the most important public health pests bite or sting This section covers the related arthropods and other pests of public health importance PHE should know the difference between a biting and a sting and use the terms correct PHE should know the differences between the Arthropod groups

Biting and Stinging Pests for the ACE Pg. 159 of IPM for the Urban Professional

Biting and Stinging Pests for the ACE Pg. 159 of IPM for the Urban Professional

PHE Focused Related Arthropods Pests covered in this section are ◦ Millipedes ◦ Centipedes ◦ Scorpions ◦ Ticks ◦ Mites ◦ Spiders ◦ Nematodes* *Nematodes are mentioned on the exam to compare and contrast

ID

Phylum Arthropod Class examples ◦ Lobsters, crabs, shrimp (Class Crustacea) ◦ Spiders, mites, scorpions, ticks (Class Arachnida) ◦ Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) ◦ Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) ◦ Insects (Class Insecta)

Nematodes There are nearly 20, 000 described species classified in phylum Nematomorpha They are microscopic worms NOT insects or Arthropods Many of them parasites of insects, plants or animals Horsehair worms are an example ◦ harmless to vertebrates, because they can't parasitize people, livestock, pets, or birds Don't infect plants If humans ingest the worms, they may encounter some mild discomfort of the intestinal tract, but infection never occurs http: //ipm. ucanr. edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pni 7471 -1. html

Class Arachnida: Order Chilipoda Centipedes ◦ Centipede: two legs per body segment ◦ Predators ◦ Less abundant Giant Desert Centipede Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Chilipoda Species of centipede that occur in the continental US ◦ Giant desert centipede ◦ House centipede ◦ North American centipede ◦ Tiger centipede House Centipede Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Diplopoda Millipedes ◦ Millipede: four legs per body segment ◦ Herbivores ◦ Can be present in large numbers Photo: Daniel R. Suiter, University of Georgia, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Diplopoda Millipedes can emit a foul-smelling chemicals to repel enemies comprised of ◦ Hydrocyanic acid ◦ Quinone ◦ Iodine Liquids can cause blisters Management ◦ Reduce moisture and Remove Debris ◦ Exclusion Photo: Joseph Berger, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Scorpiones Scorpions Nocturnal hunters feed on insects Neurotoxic venom Fluoresce under black light Arizona bark scorpion most medically important species Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org

Arizona Bark Scorpion Normally does not burrow Usually lives above ground under tree bark and in palm trees and crevices of rocky cliffs Photos by M. Merchant The only “common” climbing scorpion Photo: Karl J Mc. West Most medically important species

Scorpion Stings First Aid General First Aid ◦ Wash area with soap & water ◦ Apply cool compress or an ice pack ◦ Elevate sting area on pillow ◦ If concerned or severe symptoms appear, call Poison Control Center or physician ◦ Mild to severe reactions may lead to edema, discoloration, numbness and pain, which may last minutes to days ◦ Benadryl, EPI Pen, anti-allergy options Phoenix: about. com 16

Class Arachnida : Ticks & Mites Kingdom ◦ Animalia Phylum: ◦ Arthropoda Class: ◦ Arachnida Order ◦ Acari ◦ Ticks & Mites 17

Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida General Description: ◦ Ticks ◦ Cephalothorax & abdomen ◦ Legs 4 pairs In adults ◦ Simple metamorphosis (multiple stages=instars) ◦ Sucking/ piercing mouth parts Image: http: //vectorbio. rutgers 18

Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida Human infestations generally picked up outdoors May remain attached to skin for several days Disease transmission possible

Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida Hard Ticks (Family Ixodidae) Lone-star tick Amblyomma americanum Hard tick (Ixodidae) Three host tick ◦ Each stage detaches for molting ◦ Eggs laid on ground (3000) Life cycle: one year Solitary white or gold spot on scutum Irritation or tick paralysis, Tularemia Photo: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida Hard Ticks (Family Ixodidae) Black-legged deer tick ◦ Ixodes scapularis & Ixodes pacificus ◦ Lifecycle of blacklegged ticks generally lasts two years ◦ Go through four life stages: egg, sixlegged larva, eight-legged nymph, and adult ◦ After the eggs hatch, the ticks must have a blood meal at every stage to survive ◦ Lyme disease vector ◦ Bullseye rash ◦ Regular surveys monitoring levels is helpful Photo: Jim Occi, Bug. Pics, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida Hard Ticks (Family Ixodidae) American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis Hard hick (Ixodidae) ◦ Three Host Tick Dogs are preferred host of adults Morphology ◦ Scutum ornate Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, tick paralysis Lone Mohammed star tick, Photo by M. Merchant Photo: El Damir, Bugwood. org

Biting mites General Description: ◦ Cephalothorax an abdomen ◦ Legs 4 pairs In adults ◦ Simple metamorphosis (multiple stages=Instars) ◦ Sucking/ piercing mouth parts ( NO TEETH as opposed to ticks) ◦ Has setae on the body ( As opposed to ticks) Image: OCVMD Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org

Biting mites Rodent and bird mites ◦ Nest parasites of rats, mice, birds ◦ Will bite, but not infest humans Clover mites – nonbiting but nuisance Dust mites – indoor allergens Chigger mites - grass and soil dwellers and can bite people Scabies mite - true parasite of humans Stored Product mites – Food stuff ◦ May bite or cause allergic dermatitis Image: OCVMD

Chigger Immature (nymphal) stage of Eutrombicula alfreddugesi is parasitic life stage Live outdoors, especially in ecological transition zones (edge habitats) Photo by M. Merchant Bites mostly around socks and waist areas (areas of tight-fitting clothing) Photo: Susan Ellis, Bugwood. org

Scabies mite True human skin parasite Sarcoptes scabiei Very tiny (0. 2 -0. 4 mm) oval mites Occurs worldwide Severe itching not restricted to mite feeding sites Environmental sprays inappropriate

Bird mite Rodent and bird mites ◦ Nest parasites of rats, mice, birds ◦ Will bite, but not infest humans Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org

Biting mites Stored Product mites ◦ May bite or cause allergic dermatitis Clover mites – nonbiting but nuisance Dust mites – indoor allergens Clover mites Photo: Rayanne Lehman, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bugwood. org

Class Arachnida Order Araneae 35, 000 species of spiders Only a few species are medically important in US Generally spider bites are rare in humans Most spiders in homes feed on small insects wolf spider

External Spider Anatomy 1 Pedipalp 2 Cephalothorax 3 Abdomen 4

Spider Silk Spider silk ◦ made up of protein is produced in glands inside the abdomen Each silk gland leads to a particular spigot that opens to the outside through one of several paired spinnerets A spider "reels out" silk by gently pulling it from a spigot with its two hind legs Photo: Wiki-how

Feeding Behavior All spiders are carnivorous? ◦ Insects make up the bulk of most spiders' food. ◦ Just about any small invertebrate – including other spiders – is fair game ◦ A few vertebrates, such as frogs, fish, birds and rodents, occasionally find themselves in the fangs of these formidable predators

Brown /Violin Spiders Family Sicariidae L. deserta, L. arizonica, L. apachea ( from Mexico), L. blanda, L. devia ( Mexico), and L. reclusa Size: 5/8 -inch long ◦ Leg span of about one and a half inches in diameter Key identifying characteristics: ◦ Six eyes arranged in three pairs at the front of the head ◦ The fiddle-shaped marking on the back

Brown recluse spider Loxosceles reclusa Other names: fiddleback, violin and brown spiders Nocturnal hunter 1 -3 -year lifespan Most common in TN, AR, MO, KS, OK, NB, AL, MS, LA, IL, IO, OH, TX Necrotic venom Photo by M. Merchant

Widow spiders Latrodectus sp. Five US species ◦ Black, brown, northern, red and western widows Hourglass marking Neurotoxic venom Irregular cobweb Principally found outdoors or in older buildings, storage sheds, outhouses Brown (bottom) and black widow spiders. Photos by M. Hafley, M. Merchant

Black Widow Spider Size: Body up to 3/4 inch long ◦ Abdomen 3/8 -inch in diameter Color: Typically glossy-black but may also be dark brown to light brown. Red markings on the underside of the abdomen ◦ Often form an hourglass shape Bites can be painful ◦ Bite site will typically swell and turn red ◦ Venom is neurotoxic

Brown Widow Spider Body 2/3 inch long Light tan to dark brown or almost black ◦ Variable markings of black, white, yellow, orange or brown on the back of their abdomens ◦ Underside of abdomen contains characteristic hourglass marking ◦ Hourglass is orange to yellow-orange in color Photo: Rick Vetter Range: Introduced into Florida but has spread in CA

Brown Widow Spider Generally non-aggressive and will retreat when disturbed Bites usually occur when a spider becomes accidentally pressed against the skin: ◦ Putting on clothes ◦ Sticking their hands in recessed areas or dark corners Brown widow venom is twice as potent as black widow venom However, they do not inject as much venom as a black widow, are timid and do not defend their web Photo: Rick Vetter

Hobo spider and other funnel-weaver spiders Family Agelenidae Hobo spider, formerly known as aggressive house spider. Common in WA, OR, ID, UT Builds funnel webs No good evidence for it as a medically important spider ◦ Not believed to be a significant threat for necrotic bites Photo by M. Merchant

Sac spiders Family Miturgidae including Cheiracanthium sp. Builds flattened silk tube or sac also called a retreat where they spend most of their daylight hours Necrotic toxin in some species Common indoor and outdoor spider

Nematodes: Horsehair worms Not an insect Horsehair worms only parasitize insects To complete their life cycle, the worms must infect large invertebrates that are relatively long lived Horsehair worms aren't considered an effective biological control agent, because they parasitize only a small percentage of a host population

Further Study Information https: //nematode. unl. edu/wormgen. htm Spiders and their kin Golden guide https: //cisr. ucr. edu/invasive-species/how-identify-brown-widowspiders Chapter’s 11, 12, 13, 14, Medical entomology for students