PTT 444 ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY INTRODUCTION COURSE ISSUES

PTT 444 ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY INTRODUCTION: COURSE, ISSUES ON OSH • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM AT WORK PLACE Scope of Lectures Safety & Health Milestones in Malaysia What is Safety and Health Program Statistics

HAZARDS ID WHAT IS OSH WHY OSH - BENEFITS CLASSIFY HAZARDS WHAT CONSTITUTE OSH CONSEQUENT OF HAZARDSHEALTH ROUTES FACTORS/EFFECT DIFFERENTIATE HEALTH & SAFETY CONTROL - BREIFLY LEGAL QUALITATIVE RISK MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT IMPLICATION MORAL & ETHIC FINANCIAL COSTS QUANTITATIVE HIRARC - TOOL ACTS STEPS IN HIRARC OSH 1994 FAC & MACH 1967 RISK CONTROL RISK MONITORING ELIMINATION ENGINEERING MINIMIZATION ADMINSTRATIVE

WHAT IS SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM A workplace safety and health program is a systematic plan to identify and control hazards and respond to emergencies. The program lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for keeping the workplace safe and healthy. Its objective is to integrate safety and health into all work practices and conditions.

What is OSHA? Occupational Safety and Health Act Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja

SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM – WHY? Why Managing Safety and Health? Mandatory under the law. It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their employees and other related person. …….

OSHA 1994 Requirement For all industries �� If >5 Employees �� ≥ 40 Employees (S 30) -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & Health Committee For high risk industries (i. e. construction, ship building, gas etc. ) �� >100 Employees -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997) Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Officer For low risk industries (other than the above mentioned industries) �� >500 Employees -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997) Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Officer

Why Managing Safety and Health? Since the days of the Industrial Revolution, when most factories were death-traps for the workers, legislation has steadily improved health and safety at work. Applying our normal principle that prevention is better than cure. http: //www. ehcareers. org/about/specialist_environmental_protection. html

Milestones in the safety movement 1890 - Boiler Enactment 1890. 1 st legislation in the country to address safety issues. Mandatory inspections of boilers by the Mines Department inspectors. 1913 Machinery Ordinance 1913. Superseded all the Boiler Enactment. 1932 Machinery Enactment 1932. Updated. Addition on provision on registration and inspection of machinery installation. Enforced by Dept. of Mines. 1953 Machinery Ordinance 1953. Superseded all previous Regulations. 4 Regulations were enacted, one was Safety and Health and Fire 1953; Enforced by Dept of Machinery, Min of Labor. 1967 Factory and Machinery Act 1967. Superseded Machinery Ordinance 1953. Fill the gaps, cover all aspects on industry – safety and health in all work place defined as factories (before, people worked in workplace where there was no machinery were unprotected). BUT work force under agriculture, forestry, fishing, construction, finance and public services not protected. Enforced by Factory and Machinery Dept. 1970 Regulations. 1991 Bright Sparklers factory explosion in Sungai Buluh killed 22 workers. Stiffer penalties to employers failed to safeguard workers. {Bhopal tragedy in India 1984 (3000 killed, 50, 000 suffered disability and Chernobyl nuclear power disaster in Russia 1986}. 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). To meet Malaysian fast economic growth to become an industrialized state by 2020. Plug the weakness of 1967 Act. Provide general guidelines how to create a safe environment at work. All protected. Except those working on board ships (Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant

The Bhopal disaster • was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster • It occurred on the night of 2 – 3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh • The official immediate death toll was 3, 787 • 558, 125 injuries – 38, 478 temporary partial injuries – 3, 900 severely and permanently disabling injuries – 8, 000 died within two weeks, and another 8, 000 or more have since died from gasrelated diseases.

Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy? 40 tons of methyl isocyanides (MIC) and other lethal gases including hydrogen cyanide leaked. Morning of 3 rd December 1984. Accident – is a series of event Protective equipment – that could stop the disaster not in full working order Refrigeration system – to cool the storage tank was shut down. Scrubbing System – to absorbed the vapor was not immediately available. Flare system – to burn any vapor that got past the scrubbing system was out of order. (source: Goetsch, 2011).

Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy? Supreme Court India ordered USD 470 compensation. The fund were paid to Indian Government to compensate the victims. Criminal negligence Corporate prejudice – chose a poverty-stricken country as a location that few would care if something went wrong Avoidance – putting a plant in remote area/poor country to avoid stricter safety and health standards of the country that of the parent company. In US, it led to the passage of - Emergency Planning and Community-to-know Act (EPCRA) in 1986 (Goetsch, 2011).

STATISTICS FATALITY AND ACCIDENTS IN WORK PLACE • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

Lies Frequency Rates of Occurrences of Occupational Accidents and Fatalities (source: Bahagian Dasar dan Penyelidikan, JKKP) Fatalities per 100, 000 workers Accidents per 1, 000 workers RATES OF OCCURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS and FATALITY in MALAYSIA

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF NPD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) *NPD – Non-Permanent Disability • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF PD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) *PD – Permanent Disability • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF DEATH UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

National Competitiveness Index versus National Occupational Fatality Occurrence Rate (source: World Economic Forum/ILO Safework, 2004) Fatal Accidents /100, 000 workers Competetiveness Index NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX versus NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL FATALITY OCCURRENCE RATE

CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS • Industrial Accidents is on the decline but the compensation paid is on the increase • Accidents are more severe in nature and have longer medical leave • Minor accidents are not reported • Total number of Commuting Accidents increased by 9%

Challenges of Occupational Diseases • Reported OD cases for 2009 increased by 85 % • Total number of OD is expected to increase due to long latency period, before the disease manifests and individual susceptibility factor • New emerging diseases is on the increase • Medical surveillance is not done according to the regulations for early intervention and thus disease may appear later with much more serious complication • Under reporting phenomena carpal

Why Managing Safety and Health? • Moral and Ethical Issues -Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image -Respect their family – pride, - Ethical Issues AS A PROFESSIONAL • Legal Issues (MACHINERY AND FACTORY ACT 1967; OSH ACT 1994 -Claims for compensation -Disruption during the legal process • Financial Issues - is not a JUST legal, moral and ethical obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!. -Increase of Insurance Premium -Direct Lost -Indirect Lost

ETHICAL ISSUES REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS ACT 1967 (Revised – 2002) Act 138 An Act to provide for the registration of Engineers and for purposes connected therewith.

ETHICAL ISSUES Functions of the Board - on Ethics - For the purposes of this Act there is hereby established a board to be called "Board of Engineers", Malaysia (BEM). The functions of the Board shall be among others: – to hear and determine disputes relating to professional conduct or ethics of registered Engineers; – to determine and regulate the conduct and ethics of the engineering profession;

ETHICAL ISSUES Why do Engineers need to know about Ethics? • With knowledge & skills, engineers have the capability to do services to the public. • With this capability, engineers have a tremendous responsibility to clients, individuals and society. • Ethics help engineers to guide their decisions to ensure they act responsibly.

ETHICAL ISSUES Basic Ethical Concepts • Ethical considerations are an integral part of making engineering decisions. • The professional obligations of engineers go beyond fulfilling a contract with a client or customer. • Codes of ethics can provide guidance in the decisionmaking process.

ETHICAL ISSUES Basic Ethical Concepts • Ethical obligations do not stop at any country’s border; they are global. • Wherever engineers practice, they should hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public. • How an engineer fulfils those obligations may depend on the social and economic context of engineering practice.

ETHICAL ISSUES CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990 • Conduct of Registered Engineer. – 23. Every registered Engineer shall at all times uphold the dignity, high standing and reputation of his profession. • Responsibility to employer, clients or profession. – 24. A registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer, client or the profession shall have full regard to the public interest. • Discharge of duties. – 25. (1) A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer or client as the case may be with complete fidelity.

ETHICAL ISSUES CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990 • Reputation etc. of a Registered Engineer not to be injured. – 26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or attempt to maliciously injure whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects or business of another registered Engineer.

ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections) 1/5. A Registered Engineer shall at all times hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. - 5 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections) 2/5. A Registered Engineer shall undertake assignments only if he is qualified by education & experience in the specific technical fields in which he is involved. 2 SUB-SECTIONS 3/5. A Registered Engineer shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 3 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT CODE OF Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections) 4/5. A Registered Engineer shall act for each employer or clients as faithful agent or trustee. 7 SUB-SECTIONS

ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT CODE OF Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections) 5/5. A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession. 10 SUB-SECTIONS

Managing Safety and Health – importatnt because: • Moral and Ethical Issues -Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image -Respect their family – pride, • Legal Issues -Claims for compensation -Disruption during the legal process • Financial Issues is not a JUST legal and moral obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!. -Increase of Insurance Premium -Direct Cost -Indirect Cost

OSHA ACT 1994 FACTORIES ACT 1967 THE ACTS - two most important

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 0 F 1994

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 Do you know that it is the duty of our EMPLOYER under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 0 f 1994 to: a) Ensure our safety, health and welfare at our workplace by: • the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe and without risks to health; • making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances; • the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; • maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks; • the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare at work.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 b) Formulate safety and health policy: as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work; arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out the policy; to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all of his employees.

SAFETY SIGNAGE

Emergency Exit Plan

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 c. Employ a competent person to act as a Safety and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of work.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 d) Establish a Safety and Health Committee at the place of work if there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 e) Consult the Safety and Health Committee with a view to the making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees and in checking the effectiveness of such measures.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 f) Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or is likely to occur at the place of work.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 g. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their employees. It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to conduct his undertaking in such as manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and other persons, not being his employees, who may be affected are not thereby exposed to risks to their safety or health

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 g. General duties of manufacturers, etc as regards plant for use at work. (1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any plant for use at work(a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when properly used; ……. . (2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or manufacturing of any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carry out of any necessary research with the view to discovery and, so far as practicable, the elimination or minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the design or plant may give rise.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 Nevertheless, it is our duty as employees to: a) Take reasonable care for the safety and health of our self and of other persons who may be affected by our acts or omissions at work; b) Co-operate with our employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on our employer or that other person by OSHA; c) Wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by our employer for the purpose of preventing risks to our safety and health; d) Comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by our employer or any other person by or under OSHA or any regulations made thereunder.

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Provisions relating to safety, etc 10. Without prejudice to any law with respect to local authorities, in respect oaf any factory, the following provisions relating to safety shall apply: (a) foundation and floor…. . (e) every openings, sump, pit or fixed vessel in a floor , or working level shall be securely fenced so as to prevent risk of persons falling; ….

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Persons exposed to explosive, inflammable, etc. , substances 11. In a factory in which persons are exposed to risk of bodily injury from explosive, inflammable, poisonous or corrosive substances or ionizing radiations, such measures as may be prescribed shall be taken as will eliminate the risk.

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Lifting of weights 12. No person shall be employed to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to him

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Construction of machinery 14. All machinery and every part there of including all fittings and attachment shall be of sound construction and sound material free from defect and suitable for the purpose and shall be properly maintained

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Projecting material 16. In respect to such machinery as may be prescribed, any part of any material carried by that machinery while it is working there on which projects beyond any part of the machinery shall be effectively fenced unless it is in such a position as to be safe to any person employed or working on or renting the premises.

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Machinery manufactured or repaired must comply with regulations 18 (1) No person shall manufacture, repair or install machinery in such a manner that it does not comply with the provisions of this Act and any regulations made there under applicable to such machinery

FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Provisions relating to health 22 (1) Without prejudice to any law to public health, in respect of any factory the following provisions relating to health of persons shall apply: (a) every factory shall be kept in a clean state and free from offensive effluvia arising from any drain, sanitary convenience or other source … (b) the maximum number of persons employed at any one time in any work-room in any factory shall be such that the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial feet of floor area allowed in the work-room for each person are not less than the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial feet of floor area prescribed either generally or for the particular class of work carried on in the work-room

PROVISION OF SAFE AND HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT THAT ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

Benefits of Good OSH • Reduced lost time • Reduced need to provide cover for personnel absent from work because of injury • Reduce sick payments • Reduce need for time-consuming accident investigation and consequent saving in management time and production down-time • Reduced potential for prosecution and other enforcement action by authorities • Reduction in the number of claims for compensation by injured personnel

Benefits of Good OSH …continue • Reduced employer’s liability insurance premiums • Improved morals • Improved image of company, both in terms of employer and competent contractor • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

CASE STUDIES ON SUCCESSFULL IMLPEMENTATION OF HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

Case study - North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust The board found itself facing service improvement targets. Using new corporate and clinical guidance, it set about taking a 'whole systems' approach to managing corporate risk, giving one of its directors responsibility for the leadership of health and safety for the first time. Health and safety was also made a key item on the board agenda. This has resulted in a much better integrated health and safety management system that increases the opportunity to identify and manage all corporate risks, and a much more open culture, improving reporting and monitoring. The board actively promotes a culture that gives staff the confidence to report incidents. This has resulted in: §incidence rates reduced by 16% over two years; §insurance premiums reduced by 10% - financial implication.

Case study - British Sugar The company had an excellent safety record and had no indication of the devastating events that were to happen – in one year three deaths occurred. Although health and safety had always been a business priority, a change in focus was needed to achieve behavioural change. This included: üthe CEO assigning health and safety responsibilities to all directors, and monthly reports go to the board; ücreating effective working partnerships with employees, trade unions and others; üoverseeing a behavioural change programme and audits; üpublishing annual health and safety targets, and devising initiatives to meet them. Results include: §time lost to injuries reduced by 43% over a two year period; § 63% reduction in major issues over the course of a year; §much greater understanding by directors of health and safety risks.

Case study – Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service To give health and safety a high priority, Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service recognised that it was critical for its leadership to demonstrate to its staff that accountability for health and safety was a fundamental element in the success of its overall service delivery. The director of service policy and planning was nominated as the health and safety director for the service in order to clearly define the importance this subject held within the organisation. The director implemented a revised health and safety framework, which included a programme of fire station visits to engage the workforce, and placed a renewed emphasis on improving incident reporting, investigation and monitoring procedures. The service has reported: §£ 100, 000 reduction in insurance liability premiums in one year through improved corporate strategic risk management; § 50% reduction in sickness absence through work related injury over a two year period; § 50% reduction in injury incidence rate over a three year period.

Case study – Sainsbury's An external health and safety audit identified a need to develop a unified approach, and also recommended more direction from the board, to develop an effective strategy. The result was a radical revision of the company's approach, including: the group human resources director creating a health and safety vision, supported by a plan with targets over three years; training on health and safety responsibilities was introduced for all board directors. This has resulted in: the board providing a role model for health and safety behaviour; § 17% reduction in sickness absence; § 28% reduction in reportable incidents; §improved morale and pride in working for the company; §raising the profile of health and safety so it is becoming embedded in the culture of the organization. http: //www. hse. gov. uk/leadership/casestudies-success. htm

TECHNICALLY , THE GOAL OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM IN WORK PLACE IS TO ESTABLISH SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT -AN ENVIRONMENT FREE FROM HAZARD TO WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

Safety and Health – how it evolved • PREVIOUSLY, EMPLOYERS NOT CONCERN FOR SAFETY OF WORKERS & IN FACT LITTLE INCENTIVE TO BE CONCERNED. SAFETY PROGRAMS WERE IN FACT NONEXISTENT. • WHEN THE INDUSTRY IN THE WEST FACED WITH LABOR SHORTAGES ESPECIALLY DURING WW 1 AND WW 2, EMPLOYERS COULD NOT EFFORT TO LOSE WORKERS TO ACCIDENTS OR ANY OTHER REASONS. • THIS LED TO GREATER OPENESS TO PROVIDING SAFETY A SERIOUS CONSIDERATION BY EMPLOYERS

Safety and Health – how it evolved • INDUSTRY BEGAN TO REALIZED THAT: • IMPROVED ENGINEERING COULD PREVENT ACCIDENTS • EMPLOYEES WERE WILLING TO LEARN & ACCEPT SAFETY RULES • SAFETY RULES COULD BE ESTABLISHED AND ENFORCED • FINANCIAL SAVING FROM SAFETY IMPROVEMENT COULD BE REAPED BY SAVING IN COMPENSATION AND MEDICAL BILLS • WITH THESE REALIZATION AND INCENTIVES, EMPLOYERS BEGAN TO PLAY ACTIVE ROLE IN CREATING AND MAINTAINING SAFETY AT WORKPALCE – THERE IS ORGANIZED SAFETY PROGRAMS

Safety and Health – how it evolved • THE ENGINEERING ASPECTS – DESIGN IMPROVEMENT THAT SIMPLIFIED MANUFACTURING PROCESS, MADE LESS DANGEROUS. MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS ENGINEERED IN WAYS THAT REDUCE POTENTIAL HAZARDS. • EDUCATION ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM ENSURES EMPLOYEE KNOW HOW TO WORK SAFELY, WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO SO, AND SAFEY IS EXPECTED BY MANAGEMENT • ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM MKING SURE EMPLOYEE ADIBE BY SAFETY POLICIES, RULES, REGULATIONS, PRACTICES & PROCEDURES

Safety and Health – how it evolved • THEY ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN MODERN WORKPLACE • THE WIDELY USED TECHNIQUES IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS SUCH AS FAILURE MINIMIZATION, FAIL-SAFE DESIGN, ISOLATION, LOCKOUT, ETC ARE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF A BROADER SAFETY PROGRAMs THAT HAVE EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS (since 1800 s).

Safety and Health …. the terms • Safety means preventing accidents or hazards from occuring i. e Safety ÅÆ Accident • Health means a state of complete psychic, mental and social well being not merely consist of an absence of disease i. e Health ÅÆ Illness • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

Hazard HAZARD –condition with the potential of causing: • • Injury Diseases Damage to equipment or structures Loss of material or lessening of the ability to perform a prescribed function • Damage to the environment • Or a combination of the above - It is something that can cause harm if not controlled - the outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard

Workers don’t create hazards. Hazards are often built into workplace. Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents and illnesses. Existing hazards should be removed from the workplace.

When hazard is present, the possibility of these adverse effect (such as injury, diseases, damage to equipment etc) occuring exists…. RISK • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

so…. . Safety Frequently defined as “freedom from hazard” -NOTE: It is practically impossible to eliminate all hazards. -Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure to hazards (the antonym to danger) • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

What is Accident? • Unwanted and undesirable • Unexpected • Involves a deviation from what was intended, i. e. a planned safe operation • Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant and equipment or materials, including the finished product - or at least the potential for injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near miss accident’) • Involves a chain of events, rather than one isolated event

• Breakdown of Accident Costs for the Industry • The costs can be categorized into - Direct cost - Indirect cost

Direct costs • payment for work not performed; • medical and compensation payments; • repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment; • reduction or a temporary halt in production; • increased training expenses and administration costs; • possible reduction in the quality of work; negative effect on morale in other workers.

Indirect costs The costs of an accident or illness can be 4 to 10 times greater than the direct costs, or even more! An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money.

Indirect costs • the injured/ill worker has to be replaced; • a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust; • it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker; • time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of reports and filling out of forms; • accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labor relations in a negative way; • poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public relations.

THANK YOU • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence