PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS

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PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS Section 1: Conducting Research Section 2:

PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS Section 1: Conducting Research Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations Section 3: Methods of Observation Section 4: The Experimental Method Section 5: Ethical Issues 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 1: Conducting Research PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What steps do

Chapter 2 Section 1: Conducting Research PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH n Form a question (posing a question based on experience, psychological theory or common knowledge) n Form a hypothesis (making an educated guess) n Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence through any of a variety of means) 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 1: Conducting Research PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What steps do

Chapter 2 Section 1: Conducting Research PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (continued) n Analyze Results (looking for patterns or relationships in the evidence) n Draw a conclusion (determining whether the findings support the hypothesis and adjusting it if they do not) 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: Why

Chapter 2 Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: Why are proper sampling techniques important? IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Samples must be selected scientifically to ensure that the samples accurately represent the populations they are supposed to represent 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results? METHODS OF OBSERVATION n Testing Method – several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality n Case-study Method – researchers conduct indepth investigations of individuals or small groups 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results? METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued) n Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time n Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results? METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued) n Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats n Laboratory-Observation Method – participants are observed in a laboratory setting 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are

Chapter 2 Section 3: Methods of Observation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the various methods of observation, and how is correlation used in analyzing results? CORRELATION n Correlation measures how closely one thing is related to another 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 4: The Experimental Method PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are

Chapter 2 Section 4: The Experimental Method PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the purposes and elements of experiments? PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS n Researchers conduct experiments to learn about cause and effect. n Elements of experiments include independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and the placebo effect. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 2 Section 5: Ethical Issues PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How are ethical

Chapter 2 Section 5: Ethical Issues PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How are ethical issues involved in psychological research? ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH n Protect study participants from harm n Maintain the scientific integrity of the study n Promote the dignity of the individual n Foster human welfare n Confidentiality n Informed Consent 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How are research questions formed? Sources for

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How are research questions formed? Sources for Research Questions 11 Daily Experience Psychological Theory HOLT, RINEHART Folklore and Common Knowledge AND WINSTON