Psychology in Action 8 e by Karen Huffman

Psychology in Action (8 e) by Karen Huffman Power. Point Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Lecture Overview n n Theories and Concepts of Motivation and Behavior Theories and Concepts of Emotion Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Important Definitions n Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal n Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Motivation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation) n Biological Theories: 1. 2. 3. Instinct--inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation Drive-Reduction--internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs Arousal--motivated toward optimal level of arousal ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Drive-Reduction Theory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Arousal Theory • ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e) People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance.

Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Cont. ) n. Motivation Psychosocial Theories: 1. 2. Incentive--motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli Cognitive--motivation affected by attributions and expectations ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. 2. Eating to reduce hunger is a good example of the _____ theory of motivation. The _____ theory of motivation explains why we might eat a slice of pumpkin pie after consuming a heavy holiday dinner. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating n n Biological factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain Note the size difference in these rats. The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed. n ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating n n Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning Obesity is common for Pima Indians in U. S. , but not for those living in nearby Mexico with traditional diet. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders • Obesity appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors. • Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking n Now that you have a better understanding of the motivational factors behind hunger and eating, how can this information be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Motivation and Behavior— Achievement • – – – Characteristics of a high need for achievement (n. Ach): Prefers moderately difficult tasks Prefers clear goals with competent feedback Competitive Prefers responsibility Persistent More accomplished ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. Briefly explain how anorexia nervosa differs from bulimia nervosa. 2. What are the chief identifying characteristics of people with a high need for achievement (n. Ach)? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Emotion n 1. Three Components of Emotion Physiological-arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Emotion n Three Components of Emotion (Continued) 2. Cognitive--thoughts, values and expectations Behavioral--expressions, gestures, and body positions 3. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Emotion n Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Emotion-Four Theories of Emotion n n James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Theories and Concepts of Emotion: n Overview of Four Theories of Emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion n Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation-extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? n An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— The Polygraph n Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e) The Polygraph

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion- The Polygraph n The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— Emotional Intelligence (EI) n Emotional Intelligence (EI): ability to know and manage one’s emotions, empathize, and maintain satisfying relationships ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Culture, Evolution, and Emotion n Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions n Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. According to the _____ theory of emotions, we see a bear, our hearts race, and we run for cover. Then we feel afraid. 2. The _____ primarily measures arousal and the physiological component of emotions. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)

Psychology in Action (8 e) by Karen Huffman Power. Point Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8 e)