Psychology 101 u Introduction u Dr to Psychology
- Slides: 19
Psychology 101 u Introduction u Dr. to Psychology Jacob Leonesio
What is psychology the study of?
Some Types of Psychologists u Research Psychologists (academic ) – Biological (neuroscientists) – Cognitive Psychologists – Social Psychologists – Personality Psychologists – Educational Psychologists – Some Clinical Psychologists
Some Types of Psychologists u Applied Psychologists – Clinical Psychologists – School Psychologists – Industrial/Organizatonal and Human Factors Psychologists
Academic Degrees u M. S. W u M. A u Ph. D. u Ed. D. u M. D.
Some Perspectives on the Causes of Human Experience and Behavior: z. Biological y. Neuroscience (brain, genes, behavior) z. Cognitive (internal mental processes are studied) z. Behavioral (study of observable responses to observable stimuli) Classical and operant conditioning
Some Perspectives on the Causes of Human Experience and Behavior: u Social-Cultural Perspective – Social Psychology – Cross Cultural Research u Psychodynamic (unconscious motives, conflicts, defenses) – Case Study – Early Childhood experience u Humanistic Perspective – Experiential Research – Clinical Techniques
How is Knowledge Obtained?
Classic Ways of Knowing u Tenacity (not a ‘method’) u Authority (not a ‘method’) u Intuition u Reason (deduction and induction) u Empiricism
The Scientific Method u Rational empiricism u A dynamic method that combines systematic empiricism with rational inference.
Not all questions can be answered scientifically. u Academic psychology only addresses those questions that can be answered scientifically. u Academic Psychology is only about 100 years old (1879 to the present).
Case Study u Single participant u Historical/qualitative analysis u Useful for generating hypotheses to be tested with further studies and experiments.
Correlational Study Many participants u Operational definitions u Descriptive statistics, quantitative data (means, medians, correlation coefficients) u Inferential statistics, the probability that the result of at least this size is due to chance is calculated (p<. 05, p<. 01) u Can determine a significant relationship, but NOT whether one variable CAUSES changes in another variable u
Operational Definition u. A variable is defined by the precise series of steps the describe how a variable is measured. u This series of steps must result in a NUMBER.
v Significance A finding is significant if it can be shown that it is not due to chance. (Significant does not mean important)
Significance is always expressed as a probability. p <. 05 means that the likelyhood that the experimental finding is due to chance is only 5 out of 100.
Experiment Many participants u Operational definitions u The independent variable is MANIPULATED and alternative hypothesis are eliminated (often by using RANDOM ASSIGNMENT to conditions) u Descriptive statistics u Inferential statistics u CAN DETERMINE if one variable CAUSES changes in another variable u
Measures of Central Tendency u 10, 000 u 50, 000 u 40, 000 u 30, 000 u 12, 000 u 10, 000 Mean = 10, 154, 000/7 = 1, 450, 571. 43 u u. Median u. Mode = 30, 000 = 12, 000
If the Dependent Variable is Degree of Violence u There a number of possible operational definitions. Here is one example: – Mean (average) volume of participants voice measured in decibels by a sound meter over a 20 min period while responding to a set of provocative questions
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