Psychology 100 Lab Information Outline o Lab results

Psychology 100 Lab Information

Outline o Lab results and discussion o o o Laterality and facial emotions Mood and risky decisions Mood and the above average effect Facism How to write an APA style report o o Citing and avoiding plagiarism Sections of a lab report o o o o o Title page Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Appendices Figures/tables

Lab Results • Laterality and facial emotion recognition – Overview > Google search terms § Chimeric Faces > References Indersmitten, T. and Gur, R. C. (2003). Emotion Processing in Chimeric Faces: Hemispheric Asymmetries in Expression and Recognition of Emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 3820

Lab Results • Laterality and facial emotion recognition – Hypothesis > We expect right-hemisphere dominance for facial emotion recognition in right-handers – Results > Correlation between handedness scale and left-visual field advantage § r =. 08, P >. 43 (Not significant) § One sample t-test to see if the average rating of right handers was greater than random guessing (8/16). • Mean for right-handers = 8. 75 • t(87) = 2. 107, p<. 05

Lab Results • Risky decision making and affect – Overview > Google search terms § Mood induction and decision making § Emotion and decision making § Framing effects > References Raghunathan, R. and Pham, M. T. (1999). All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79, 56– 77.

Lab Results • Risky decision making and affect – Hypothesis > We expected a sad mood induction to result in risk taking behaviour and an anxious mood induction to result in risk avoidance. – Results (Chi square anaysis) > Frame: Gain § Your accountant has just contacted you about a problem on your tax return. It looks like you are going to have to pay an additional $1000. She tells you that you have two options. If you choose Option A then you will save $200. If you choose option B then there is a 20% chance that you can save the full $1000 and an 80% chance that you won’t save anything. Which option do you choose? A or B

Lab Results • Risky decision making and affect – Hypothesis > We expected a sad mood induction to result in risk taking behaviour and an anxious mood induction to result in risk avoidance. – Results (Chi square anaysis) > Frame: Gain Sad Anxious = 10. 8, p <. 01 Risky Safe 13 36 26 22 = 0. 33, N. S.

Lab Results • Risky decision making and affect – Hypothesis > We expected a sad mood induction to result in risk taking behaviour and an anxious mood induction to result in risk avoidance. – Results (Chi square anaysis) > Frame: Loss § Your accountant has just contacted you about a problem on your tax return. It looks like you are going to have to pay an additional $1000. If you choose Option A then you will have to pay $800. If you choose option B then there is a 20% chance that you won’t have to pay anything extra and an 80% chance that you have to pay the full $1000. Which option do you choose? A or B

Lab Results • Risky decision making and affect – Hypothesis > We expected a sad mood induction to result in risk taking behaviour and an anxious mood induction to result in risk avoidance. – Results (Chi square anaysis) > Frame: Loss Sad Anxious = 1. 0, N. S. Risky Safe 21 28 22 26 = 0. 33, N. S.

Lab Results • Mood induction and the above average effect. – Overview > Google search terms § Above average effect § Mood induction > References Chambers, J. R. and Windschitl, P. D. (2004). Biases in Social Comparative Judgments: The Role of Nonmotivated Factors in Above-Average and Comparative-Optimism Effects. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 813 -838

Lab Results • Mood induction and the above average effect. – Hypothesis 1. On average, participants should rate themselves as being above average 2. Being induced with a sad mood should result in a reduced above average effect. – Results I: The above average effect Question Attractive Get along Academic Athletic mean rating 4. 51 5. 43 4. 60 4. 58 single sample t(96) 4. 58 14. 6 6. 56 4. 11 p <. 001

Lab Results • Mood induction and the above average effect. – Hypothesis 1. On average, participants should rate themselves as being above average 2. Being induced with a sad mood should result in a reduced above average effect. – Results II: Mood group comparisons Question Attractive Get along Academic Athletic Sad 4. 51 5. 08 4. 41 4. 50 Anxious 4. 46 5. 80 4. 78 4. 65 t(95). 50 3. 87 2. 00. 54 p N. S. <. 001 <. 05 N. S.

Lab Results • Facism / Bodyism – Overview > Google search terms § Facial prominence § Bodyism > References Archer, D. , Iritani, B. , Kimes, D. D. , & Barrios, M. (1983). Five studies in sex differences in facial prominence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 725 -735.

Lab APA • APA Style – Writing APA Style Lab Reports > Sections of a lab report § § § § § Title page Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Tables and Appendices Figure Captions Figures

Lab APA • APA – Writing APA Style Lab Reports > Format Introduction Method/Results Discussion

Lab APA • APA Lab report – Writing APA Style Lab Reports > Citations and avoiding plagiarism § Inside and outside of parentheses: Eriksen and St. James (1986) presented a zoom lens … … thus visual attention can be split, under certain circumstances (Awh & Pashler, 2000). § Multiple references to the same paper. Mc. Cormick, Klein, and Johnston (1998) suggested that Castiello and Umilta’s (1992) conclusions were unwarranted. They argued that there was a confound between overall display size and individual cue size in the cues used by Castiello and Umilta. Mc. Cormick et al. pointed out that …

Abstract • Brief comprehensive summary of the study – Less than 120 words • Describes 5 things 1. The problem under investigation or purpose of the study 2. The participants, specifying pertinent characteristics > Number, age, species, etc. 3. The experimental method > Apparatus, data-gathering procedures, test names, etc. 4. The findings, including statistical information 5. The conclusions and their implications or applications.

Abstract • Important points Abstract – Should refer to previous research and the purpose and content of your research. – All abbreviations and acronyms must be defined, except units of measurement. – All numbers should be in the digit form (Arabic) except those that begin a sentence. – Terms should be defined and names of tests and drugs spelled out. – Paraphrase; do not quote. – Be concise and specific. > Should only report 4 -5 of the most important points. > Should not interpret anything.

Abstract • Format Abstract – The abstract is started on a new page after the title page (page 2). > Use page break. – The word ‘Abstract’ should be centered on the first line of the page and formatted in bold. – The beginning of the abstract starts on the next (double-spaced) line > Do not indent.

Abstract • Example Abstract

Introduction Abstract • Literature review – Starts on a new page – No header, use the title of your paper – 4 -6 pages in length – DO NOT PLAGIARIZE > Paraphrase and cite.

Method • Structure – Normally, does not start on a new page. > Title the section “Methods” – Subsections > Participants § Who were they and how many were there. > Stimulus and apparatus § What was used for equipment and what observers were presented with. > Procedure § What they did, with enough detail to allow for replication.

Method The Methods Section Headings Muller the liar illusion 18 to understand the phenomenon. Methods Participants. Twenty-four undergraduates at St. Francis University participated as part of. . . No page break Past Tense Stimuli and Apparatus. The stimuli consisted of two lines, a standard and a comparison… Procedure. Participants began by logging onto the Coglab website, where they were given written instructions (see Appendix A)… Results Omnibus Analysis. The data are presented in Figure 1. A one-way Analysis of Bold Variance (ANOVA) was used …

Results Sections • Descriptive and Inferential statistics – Describing data > Verbal > Pictorial

Results Sections • Descriptive and Inferential statistics – Describing data > APA style tables

Results Sections (Part I) • Descriptive and inferential statistics – Inferential statistics Percent Recalled > Testing Mc. Cormick’s Amazing Memory Drug 66. 2 66. 1 66. 0 Placebo Drug

Results Sections (Part I) • Inferential and descriptive statistics – Sampling error > Are the results due to the effects of the drug or due to luck? – Logic of hypothesis testing > Assume there is no difference (i. e. , it is due to chance/luck) § Null hypothesis > What is the probability of getting this big a difference? § § The p <. 05 convention. The results of the memory drug experiment are most likely not significant

Results Sections (Part I) • Analyzing data – Types of inferential statistical tests > Differences between means and the t-test – Compare left vs. right handers > The one sample t-test – Are right handers above chance at choosing one type of face.

Discussion Results Sections (Part I) • Discuss the results – 3 -4 pages > Relate to hypotheses > Highlight limitations of your research > Suggest future investigation > End with conclusions • Departmental documents – http: //www. mystfx. ca/academic/psychology/ UGInfo/APAManual. Revised. doc