Psychological Disorders Dr Bahreini Psychology An Introduction Charles

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders l Societal l l Individual l l Does the behavior conform to existing social norms? Personal sense of well-being Mental-health professional Personality characteristics l Personal discomfort l Life functioning l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 2

Historical Views of Psychological Disorders Supernatural view, where mysterious behavior was attributed to supernatural powers, likely dominated early societies l Mental hospitals and asylums were used more like prisons to keep the afflicted away from society l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 3

Models of the Causes of Psychological Disorders l Biological model l l Psychoanalytic model l l Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving and thinking Diathesis-Stress model l l Disorders are the result of unconscious conflicts Cognitive-Behavioral model l l Physiological or biochemical basis Biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress Systems theory (biopsychosocial model) l 9/26/2020 Model in which biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce psychological disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 4

Classifying Psychological Disorders l Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) Focuses on significant behavioral patterns l Lists symptoms l Criticisms l l Disorders classified as diseases l Many of the symptoms have nothing to do with mental illness 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 5

The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders In a 2001 survey, 14. 9% of respondents reported experiencing some type of clinically significant mental disorder l Six percent were suffering from substance abuse l Most common disorders were anxiety, phobias, and mood disorders l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 6

Anxiety Disorders 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto ©

Anxiety Disorders l Any disorder in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or avoidance of anxiety motivates abnormal behavior 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 8

Causes of Anxiety Disorders l Conditioning l l For example, phobias can be learned through classical conditioning Feelings of not being in control can lead to anxiety Predisposition to anxiety disorders may be inherited Displacement or repression of unacceptable thoughts or impulses can lead to anxiety 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 9

Specific Phobias l l l Intense fear of specific situations or objects Common phobias include animals, heights, closed places, needles Social phobias l l Excessive fear of social situations Agoraphobia l 9/26/2020 Intense fear of crowds and public places or other situations that require separation from source of security, such as the home Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 10

Panic Disorder Recurrent panic attacks in which the person experiences intense terror without cause l Person is often left with fear of having another panic attack l Can lead to agoraphobia l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 11

Other Anxiety Disorders l Generalized anxiety disorder l l Prolonged vague but intense fears not attached to any particular object or circumstance Obsessive-compulsive disorder l 9/26/2020 Driven to disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or performing senseless rituals (compulsions) Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 12

Mood Disorders 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto ©

Depression l Symptoms l l Major depressive disorder l l Overwhelming feelings of sadness Lack of interest in activities Excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness Intense symptoms that may last for several months Dysthymia l 9/26/2020 Less intense, but may last for periods of two years or more Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 14

Mania Not as common as depression l Symptoms l Feelings of euphoria l Extreme physical activity l Excessive talkativeness l Grandiosity l l Mania rarely appears alone, but usually as part of bipolar disorder 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 15

Bipolar Disorder Characterized by alternating between depression and mania l Periods of normal mood may come between bouts of depression and mania l Much less common than depression l Stronger biological component than depression l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 16

Causes of Mood Disorders l Biological factors Twin studies demonstrate that genetic factors play a role in development of depression l Mood disorders may be linked to chemical imbalances in the brain l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 17

Causes of Mood Disorders l Psychological factors l Cognitive distortions l Maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness l 9/26/2020 These responses are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 18

Causes of Mood Disorders l Social factors Depression is linked to troubled close relationships l May explain greater incidence of depression in women, who tend to be more relationshiporiented l Depressed people can evoke anxiety and hostility in others, who then withdraw, which in turn can intensify feelings of depression l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 19

Suicide 19, 000 people commit suicide in the U. S. every year, the 11 th leading cause of death l More women than men attempt suicide, but more men succeed l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 20

Schizophrenic Disorders Severe disorders characterized by disturbances of thought, communication, and emotions l Hallucinations l l l Sensory experiences without external stimulation Delusions l 9/26/2020 False beliefs about reality Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 21

Causes of Schizophrenia l l l Biological predisposition to schizophrenia may be inherited Twin studies show genetic link Excessive levels of dopamine lead to psychotic symptoms Abnormalities of brain structures Abnormal patterns of connections between brain cells May involve family relationships and social class 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 22

Types of Schizophrenic Disorders l Disorganized schizophrenia l l l Bizarre and childlike behavior May engage in incoherent conversations Catatonic schizophrenia l 9/26/2020 Paranoid schizophrenia Can alternate between a catatonic state (mute and immobile) and an overly active state (overly excited and shouting) l Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex delusions Undifferentiated schizophrenia l Clear symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet criteria for other subtypes Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 23

Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto

Psychosomatic Disorders Real physical illness with psychological causes such as stress or anxiety l Tension headaches, for example l Research indicates that most, if not all, illnesses may have a psychosomatic component l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 25

Somatoform Disorders l l Physical symptoms without any physical cause Person experiences symptoms as real l Somatization disorder l l Conversion disorder l l Minor symptoms are interpreted as sign of serious illness Body dysmorphic disorder l 9/26/2020 Dramatic, specific disability without physical cause Hypochondriasis l l Vague, recurrent physical complaints without physical cause Person becomes preoccupied with imagined ugliness and cannot function normally Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 26

Causes of Somatoform Disorders l Freud l l Cognitive behavioral l l Symptoms related to traumatic experience in the past Examines ways in which the behavior is being rewarded Biological perspective l 9/26/2020 May be real physical illnesses that are misdiagnosed or overlooked Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 27

Dissociative Disorders in which some part of the personality seems separated from the rest l Often involves memory loss and change in identity l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 28

Dissociative Disorders l Dissociative amnesia l l Dissociative fugue l l Involves flight from home and adoption of a new identity and amnesia for past events Dissociative identity disorder l l l Loss of memory without a physical cause Person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times Previously called multiple personality disorder Depersonalization disorder l 9/26/2020 Person suddenly feels strangely changed or different Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 29

Causes of Dissociative Disorders Seems to involve unconscious processes l Memory impairments may also include biological factors such as normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease l Dissociation is common with use of some drugs such as LSD l Trauma may also be involved l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 30

Sexual Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005

Sexual Dysfunction l Erectile disorder l l Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection Female sexual arousal disorder l l l Inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or reach orgasm Sexual desire disorders l 9/26/2020 Lack of sexual interest or active distaste for sex Orgasmic disorders l l Premature ejaculation l l Inability to reach orgasm in a person who has sexual desire and can maintain arousal Male’s inability to inhibit orgasm as long as desired Vaginismus l Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina making intercourse impossible Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 32

Sexual Dysfunction 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto ©

Paraphilias l Sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal 9/26/2020

Paraphilias l Fetishism l l Desire to watch others having sex or undressing Compulsion to expose one’s genitals to achieve sexual arousal Frotteurism l 9/26/2020 Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person in public Transvestic fetishism l l Exhibitionism l l Non-human object is preferred method of sexual excitement Voyeurism l l l Sexual sadism l l Obtain sexual gratification by humiliating or physically harming a sex partner Sexual masochism l l Wearing clothing of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal Inability to enjoy sex without physical or emotional pain Pedophilia l Preferred desire to have sex with children Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 35

Gender-Identity Disorders Involves a desire to become, or insistence that one really is, a member of the other sex l Usually begins in childhood l Most develop normal gender identity in adulthood l Sex reassignment surgery is an option for adults who have this disorder l Causes are not known l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 36

Personality Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005

Personality Disorders in which inflexible thinking and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress in the person and/or conflicts with others l Approximately 3% of men and 1% of women have a personality disorder l Rate among prisoners is close to 50% l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 38

Personality Disorders l Schizoid l l Narcissistic l l Very suspicious of others Inability to make decisions or act independently and cannot tolerate being alone l Avoidant l 9/26/2020 Social anxiety leading to isolation l Grandiose sense of selfimportance Borderline Dependent l l Withdrawn and lacks feelings for others Paranoid l l l Instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships Antisocial l Pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical behavior with no sense of remorse Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 39

Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder Combination of biological predisposition, adverse psychological experiences, and an unhealthy social environment l Also possible link to damaged frontal lobe during infancy l Emotional deprivation during childhood may lead to antisocial tendencies l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 40

Childhood Disorders l Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) Characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity l Causes not fully understood l Psychostimulants l l Drugs that increase the ability of children with AD/HD to focus 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 41

Childhood Disorders l Autistic Disorder Characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior l Fail to form normal attachments to parents l May withdraw into their own world l Causes are not known l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 42

Gender and Cultural Differences in Psychological Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris &

Gender Differences More women are in treatment for psychological disorders l Men who are divorced or separated, or who never married, have a higher rate of mental disorders l Married women have higher rates than married men l Women have higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 44

Cultural Differences Many disorders occur only in particular cultural groups l Prevalence of some disorders among males/females/children differs markedly by culture l 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 45

Mental Illness and the Law l Insanity l l Legal term for mentally disturbed people who are not considered responsible for their criminal actions Those found insane often spend more time in mental institutions than they would have in prison 9/26/2020 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall 46